mirror of
https://github.com/webmproject/libwebp.git
synced 2024-12-26 13:48:21 +01:00
webp-lossless-bitstream-spec: minor wording updates
Mostly grammatical and addition/subtraction of commas from the AUTH48 portion of the RFC review process. The serial comma changes are based on the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th edition. Bug: webp:611 Change-Id: I5ae2d1cc0196009dbf3a4c2195cc73c2ef809b49
This commit is contained in:
James Zern
parent
7f75c91ced
commit
29c9f2d410
@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ lossless format stores and restores the pixel values exactly, including the
|
||||
color values for pixels whose alpha value is 0. The format uses subresolution
|
||||
images, recursively embedded into the format itself, for storing statistical
|
||||
data about the images, such as the used entropy codes, spatial predictors, color
|
||||
space conversion, and color table. LZ77, prefix coding, and a color cache are
|
||||
used for compression of the bulk data. Decoding speeds faster than PNG have been
|
||||
demonstrated, as well as 25% denser compression than can be achieved using
|
||||
today's PNG format.
|
||||
space conversion, and color table. A universal algorithm for sequential data
|
||||
compression (LZ77), prefix coding, and a color cache are used for compression of
|
||||
the bulk data. Decoding speeds faster than PNG have been demonstrated, as well
|
||||
as 25% denser compression than can be achieved using today's PNG format.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* TOC placeholder
|
||||
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ image. It is intended as a detailed reference for the WebP lossless encoder and
|
||||
decoder implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
In this document, we extensively use C programming language syntax to describe
|
||||
the bitstream, and assume the existence of a function for reading bits,
|
||||
the bitstream and assume the existence of a function for reading bits,
|
||||
`ReadBits(n)`. The bytes are read in the natural order of the stream containing
|
||||
them, and bits of each byte are read in least-significant-bit-first order. When
|
||||
multiple bits are read at the same time, the integer is constructed from the
|
||||
@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ b |= ReadBits(1) << 1;
|
||||
|
||||
We assume that each color component, that is, alpha, red, blue and green, is
|
||||
represented using an 8-bit byte. We define the corresponding type as uint8. A
|
||||
whole ARGB pixel is represented by a type called uint32, an unsigned integer
|
||||
consisting of 32 bits. In the code showing the behavior of the transformations,
|
||||
alpha value is codified in bits 31..24, red in bits 23..16, green in bits 15..8
|
||||
and blue in bits 7..0, but implementations of the format are free to use another
|
||||
representation internally.
|
||||
whole ARGB pixel is represented by a type called uint32, which is an unsigned
|
||||
integer consisting of 32 bits. In the code showing the behavior of the
|
||||
transformations, these values are codified in the following bits: alpha in bits
|
||||
31..24, red in bits 23..16, green in bits 15..8 and blue in bits 7..0; however,
|
||||
implementations of the format are free to use another representation internally.
|
||||
|
||||
Broadly, a WebP lossless image contains header data, transform information and
|
||||
actual image data. Headers contain width and height of the image. A WebP
|
||||
Broadly, a WebP lossless image contains header data, transform information, and
|
||||
actual image data. Headers contain the width and height of the image. A WebP
|
||||
lossless image can go through four different types of transformation before
|
||||
being entropy encoded. The transform information in the bitstream contains the
|
||||
data required to apply the respective inverse transforms.
|
||||
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ARGB image
|
||||
: A two-dimensional array containing ARGB pixels.
|
||||
|
||||
color cache
|
||||
: A small hash-addressed array to store recently used colors, to be able to
|
||||
: A small hash-addressed array to store recently used colors to be able to
|
||||
recall them with shorter codes.
|
||||
|
||||
color indexing image
|
||||
@ -96,20 +96,16 @@ color transform image
|
||||
color components.
|
||||
|
||||
distance mapping
|
||||
: Changes LZ77 distances to have the smallest values for pixels in 2D
|
||||
proximity.
|
||||
: Changes LZ77 distances to have the smallest values for pixels in
|
||||
two-dimensional proximity.
|
||||
|
||||
entropy image
|
||||
: A two-dimensional subresolution image indicating which entropy coding should
|
||||
be used in a respective square in the image, that is, each pixel is a meta
|
||||
prefix code.
|
||||
|
||||
prefix code
|
||||
: A classic way to do entropy coding where a smaller number of bits are used
|
||||
for more frequent codes.
|
||||
|
||||
LZ77
|
||||
: Dictionary-based sliding window compression algorithm that either emits
|
||||
: A dictionary-based sliding window compression algorithm that either emits
|
||||
symbols or describes them as sequences of past symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
meta prefix code
|
||||
@ -120,16 +116,20 @@ predictor image
|
||||
: A two-dimensional subresolution image indicating which spatial predictor is
|
||||
used for a particular square in the image.
|
||||
|
||||
prefix code
|
||||
: A classic way to do entropy coding where a smaller number of bits are used
|
||||
for more frequent codes.
|
||||
|
||||
prefix coding
|
||||
: A way to entropy code larger integers that codes a few bits of the integer
|
||||
: A way to entropy code larger integers, which codes a few bits of the integer
|
||||
using an entropy code and codifies the remaining bits raw. This allows for
|
||||
the descriptions of the entropy codes to remain relatively small even when
|
||||
the range of symbols is large.
|
||||
|
||||
scan-line order
|
||||
: A processing order of pixels, left-to-right, top-to-bottom, starting from
|
||||
the left-hand-top pixel, proceeding to the right. Once a row is completed,
|
||||
continue from the left-hand column of the next row.
|
||||
: A processing order of pixels (left to right and top to bottom), starting
|
||||
from the left-hand-top pixel. Once a row is completed, continue from the
|
||||
left-hand column of the next row.
|
||||
|
||||
3 RIFF Header
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
@ -137,16 +137,16 @@ scan-line order
|
||||
The beginning of the header has the RIFF container. This consists of the
|
||||
following 21 bytes:
|
||||
|
||||
1. String "RIFF"
|
||||
2. A little-endian 32 bit value of the block length, the whole size
|
||||
of the block controlled by the RIFF header. Normally this equals
|
||||
1. String 'RIFF'.
|
||||
2. A little-endian, 32-bit value of the block length, which is the whole size
|
||||
of the block controlled by the RIFF header. Normally, this equals
|
||||
the payload size (file size minus 8 bytes: 4 bytes for the 'RIFF'
|
||||
identifier and 4 bytes for storing the value itself).
|
||||
3. String "WEBP" (RIFF container name).
|
||||
4. String "VP8L" (chunk tag for lossless encoded image data).
|
||||
5. A little-endian 32-bit value of the number of bytes in the
|
||||
3. String 'WEBP' (RIFF container name).
|
||||
4. String 'VP8L' (FourCC for lossless-encoded image data).
|
||||
5. A little-endian, 32-bit value of the number of bytes in the
|
||||
lossless stream.
|
||||
6. One byte signature 0x2f.
|
||||
6. 1-byte signature 0x2f.
|
||||
|
||||
The first 28 bits of the bitstream specify the width and height of the image.
|
||||
Width and height are decoded as 14-bit integers as follows:
|
||||
@ -181,10 +181,10 @@ Transformations are reversible manipulations of the image data that can reduce
|
||||
the remaining symbolic entropy by modeling spatial and color correlations.
|
||||
Transformations can make the final compression more dense.
|
||||
|
||||
An image can go through four types of transformation. A 1 bit indicates the
|
||||
An image can go through four types of transformations. A 1 bit indicates the
|
||||
presence of a transform. Each transform is allowed to be used only once. The
|
||||
transformations are used only for the main level ARGB image: the subresolution
|
||||
images have no transforms, not even the 0 bit indicating the end-of-transforms.
|
||||
transformations are used only for the main-level ARGB image; the subresolution
|
||||
images have no transforms, not even the 0 bit indicating the end of transforms.
|
||||
|
||||
Typically, an encoder would use these transforms to reduce the Shannon entropy
|
||||
in the residual image. Also, the transform data can be decided based on entropy
|
||||
@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ while (ReadBits(1)) { // Transform present.
|
||||
// Decode actual image data (Section 4).
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If a transform is present then the next two bits specify the transform type.
|
||||
If a transform is present, then the next two bits specify the transform type.
|
||||
There are four types of transforms.
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ enum TransformType {
|
||||
|
||||
The transform type is followed by the transform data. Transform data contains
|
||||
the information required to apply the inverse transform and depends on the
|
||||
transform type. Next we describe the transform data for different types.
|
||||
transform type. Next, we describe the transform data for different types.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.1 Predictor Transform
|
||||
@ -225,11 +225,11 @@ that neighboring pixels are often correlated. In the predictor transform, the
|
||||
current pixel value is predicted from the pixels already decoded (in scan-line
|
||||
order) and only the residual value (actual - predicted) is encoded. The
|
||||
_prediction mode_ determines the type of prediction to use. We divide the image
|
||||
into squares and all the pixels in a square use the same prediction mode.
|
||||
into squares, and all the pixels in a square use the same prediction mode.
|
||||
|
||||
The first 3 bits of prediction data define the block width and height in number
|
||||
of bits. The number of block columns, `block_xsize`, is used in indexing
|
||||
two-dimensionally.
|
||||
of bits. The number of block columns, `block_xsize`, is used in two-dimension
|
||||
indexing.
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
int size_bits = ReadBits(3) + 2;
|
||||
@ -240,9 +240,9 @@ int block_xsize = DIV_ROUND_UP(image_width, 1 << size_bits);
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The transform data contains the prediction mode for each block of the image. All
|
||||
the `block_width * block_height` pixels of a block use same prediction mode. The
|
||||
prediction modes are treated as pixels of an image and encoded using the same
|
||||
techniques described in [Chapter 5](#image-data).
|
||||
the `block_width * block_height` pixels of a block use the same prediction mode.
|
||||
The prediction modes are treated as pixels of an image and encoded using the
|
||||
same techniques described in [Chapter 5](#image-data).
|
||||
|
||||
For a pixel _x, y_, one can compute the respective filter block address by:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ There are 14 different prediction modes. In each prediction mode, the current
|
||||
pixel value is predicted from one or more neighboring pixels whose values are
|
||||
already known.
|
||||
|
||||
We choose the neighboring pixels (TL, T, TR, and L) of the current pixel (P) as
|
||||
We chose the neighboring pixels (TL, T, TR, and L) of the current pixel (P) as
|
||||
follows:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
@ -267,12 +267,12 @@ X X X X X X X X X X X
|
||||
X X X X X X X X X X X
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
where TL means top-left, T top, TR top-right, L left pixel. At the time of
|
||||
predicting a value for P, all pixels O, TL, T, TR and L have already been
|
||||
processed, and pixel P and all pixels X are unknown.
|
||||
where TL means top-left, T means top, TR means top-right, and L means left. At
|
||||
the time of predicting a value for P, all O, TL, T, TR and L pixels have already
|
||||
been processed, and the P pixel and all X pixels are unknown.
|
||||
|
||||
Given the above neighboring pixels, the different prediction modes are defined
|
||||
as follows.
|
||||
Given the preceding neighboring pixels, the different prediction modes are
|
||||
defined as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
| Mode | Predicted value of each channel of the current pixel |
|
||||
| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ The Select predictor is defined as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
uint32 Select(uint32 L, uint32 T, uint32 TL) {
|
||||
// L = left pixel, T = top pixel, TL = top left pixel.
|
||||
// L = left pixel, T = top pixel, TL = top-left pixel.
|
||||
|
||||
// ARGB component estimates for prediction.
|
||||
int pAlpha = ALPHA(L) + ALPHA(T) - ALPHA(TL);
|
||||
@ -351,25 +351,26 @@ int ClampAddSubtractHalf(int a, int b) {
|
||||
|
||||
There are special handling rules for some border pixels. If there is a
|
||||
prediction transform, regardless of the mode \[0..13\] for these pixels, the
|
||||
predicted value for the left-topmost pixel of the image is 0xff000000, L-pixel
|
||||
for all pixels on the top row, and T-pixel for all pixels on the leftmost
|
||||
column.
|
||||
predicted value for the left-topmost pixel of the image is 0xff000000, all
|
||||
pixels on the top row are L-pixel, and all pixels on the leftmost column are
|
||||
T-pixel.
|
||||
|
||||
Addressing the TR-pixel for pixels on the rightmost column is
|
||||
exceptional. The pixels on the rightmost column are predicted by using the modes
|
||||
\[0..13\] just like pixels not on the border, but the leftmost pixel on the same
|
||||
row as the current pixel is instead used as the TR-pixel.
|
||||
\[0..13\], just like pixels not on the border, but the leftmost pixel on the
|
||||
same row as the current pixel is instead used as the TR-pixel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.2 Color Transform
|
||||
|
||||
The goal of the color transform is to decorrelate the R, G and B values of each
|
||||
pixel. The color transform keeps the green (G) value as it is, transforms red
|
||||
(R) based on green and transforms blue (B) based on green and then based on red.
|
||||
The goal of the color transform is to decorrelate the R, G, and B values of each
|
||||
pixel. The color transform keeps the green (G) value as it is, transforms the
|
||||
red (R) value based on the green value, and transforms the blue (B) value based
|
||||
on the green value and then on the red value.
|
||||
|
||||
As is the case for the predictor transform, first the image is divided into
|
||||
blocks and the same transform mode is used for all the pixels in a block. For
|
||||
each block there are three types of color transform elements.
|
||||
blocks, and the same transform mode is used for all the pixels in a block. For
|
||||
each block, there are three types of color transform elements.
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
typedef struct {
|
||||
@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ typedef struct {
|
||||
} ColorTransformElement;
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The actual color transformation is done by defining a color transform delta. The
|
||||
The actual color transform is done by defining a color transform delta. The
|
||||
color transform delta depends on the `ColorTransformElement`, which is the same
|
||||
for all the pixels in a particular block. The delta is subtracted during the
|
||||
color transform. The inverse color transform then is just adding those deltas.
|
||||
@ -405,7 +406,7 @@ void ColorTransform(uint8 red, uint8 blue, uint8 green,
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
`ColorTransformDelta` is computed using a signed 8-bit integer representing a
|
||||
3.5-fixed-point number, and a signed 8-bit RGB color channel (c) \[-128..127\]
|
||||
3.5-fixed-point number and a signed 8-bit RGB color channel (c) \[-128..127\]
|
||||
and is defined as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
@ -415,16 +416,16 @@ int8 ColorTransformDelta(int8 t, int8 c) {
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
A conversion from the 8-bit unsigned representation (uint8) to the 8-bit signed
|
||||
one (int8) is required before calling `ColorTransformDelta()`. It should be
|
||||
performed using 8-bit two's complement (that is: uint8 range \[128..255\] is
|
||||
mapped to the \[-128..-1\] range of its converted int8 value).
|
||||
one (int8) is required before calling `ColorTransformDelta()`. The signed value
|
||||
should be interpreted as an 8-bit two's complement number (that is: uint8 range
|
||||
\[128..255\] is mapped to the \[-128..-1\] range of its converted int8 value).
|
||||
|
||||
The multiplication is to be done using more precision (with at least 16-bit
|
||||
precision). The sign extension property of the shift operation does not matter
|
||||
here: only the lowest 8 bits are used from the result, and there the sign
|
||||
here; only the lowest 8 bits are used from the result, and there the sign
|
||||
extension shifting and unsigned shifting are consistent with each other.
|
||||
|
||||
Now we describe the contents of color transform data so that decoding can apply
|
||||
Now, we describe the contents of color transform data so that decoding can apply
|
||||
the inverse color transform and recover the original red and blue values. The
|
||||
first 3 bits of the color transform data contain the width and height of the
|
||||
image block in number of bits, just like the predictor transform:
|
||||
@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ int block_height = 1 << size_bits;
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The remaining part of the color transform data contains `ColorTransformElement`
|
||||
instances corresponding to each block of the image. `ColorTransformElement`
|
||||
instances, corresponding to each block of the image. `ColorTransformElement`
|
||||
instances are treated as pixels of an image and encoded using the methods
|
||||
described in [Chapter 5](#image-data).
|
||||
|
||||
@ -470,8 +471,8 @@ void InverseTransform(uint8 red, uint8 green, uint8 blue,
|
||||
|
||||
The subtract green transform subtracts green values from red and blue values of
|
||||
each pixel. When this transform is present, the decoder needs to add the green
|
||||
value to both red and blue. There is no data associated with this transform. The
|
||||
decoder applies the inverse transform as follows:
|
||||
value to both the red and blue values. There is no data associated with this
|
||||
transform. The decoder applies the inverse transform as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
void AddGreenToBlueAndRed(uint8 green, uint8 *red, uint8 *blue) {
|
||||
@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ void AddGreenToBlueAndRed(uint8 green, uint8 *red, uint8 *blue) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
This transform is redundant as it can be modeled using the color transform, but
|
||||
This transform is redundant, as it can be modeled using the color transform, but
|
||||
since there is no additional data here, the subtract green transform can be
|
||||
coded using fewer bits than a full-blown color transform.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -491,30 +492,30 @@ If there are not many unique pixel values, it may be more efficient to create a
|
||||
color index array and replace the pixel values by the array's indices. The color
|
||||
indexing transform achieves this. (In the context of WebP lossless, we
|
||||
specifically do not call this a palette transform because a similar but more
|
||||
dynamic concept exists in WebP lossless encoding: color cache).
|
||||
dynamic concept exists in WebP lossless encoding: color cache.)
|
||||
|
||||
The color indexing transform checks for the number of unique ARGB values in the
|
||||
image. If that number is below a threshold (256), it creates an array of those
|
||||
ARGB values, which is then used to replace the pixel values with the
|
||||
corresponding index: the green channel of the pixels are replaced with the
|
||||
index; all alpha values are set to 255; all red and blue values to 0.
|
||||
index, all alpha values are set to 255, and all red and blue values to 0.
|
||||
|
||||
The transform data contains color table size and the entries in the color table.
|
||||
The decoder reads the color indexing transform data as follows:
|
||||
The transform data contains the color table size and the entries in the color
|
||||
table. The decoder reads the color indexing transform data as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
// 8 bit value for color table size
|
||||
// 8-bit value for the color table size
|
||||
int color_table_size = ReadBits(8) + 1;
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The color table is stored using the image storage format itself. The color table
|
||||
can be obtained by reading an image, without the RIFF header, image size, and
|
||||
transforms, assuming a height of one pixel and a width of `color_table_size`.
|
||||
transforms, assuming the height of 1 pixel and the width of `color_table_size`.
|
||||
The color table is always subtraction-coded to reduce image entropy. The deltas
|
||||
of palette colors contain typically much less entropy than the colors
|
||||
themselves, leading to significant savings for smaller images. In decoding,
|
||||
every final color in the color table can be obtained by adding the previous
|
||||
color component values by each ARGB component separately, and storing the least
|
||||
color component values by each ARGB component separately and storing the least
|
||||
significant 8 bits of the result.
|
||||
|
||||
The inverse transform for the image is simply replacing the pixel values (which
|
||||
@ -526,14 +527,14 @@ is done based on the green component of the ARGB color.
|
||||
argb = color_table[GREEN(argb)];
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If the index is equal or larger than `color_table_size`, the argb color value
|
||||
If the index is equal to or larger than `color_table_size`, the argb color value
|
||||
should be set to 0x00000000 (transparent black).
|
||||
|
||||
When the color table is small (equal to or less than 16 colors), several pixels
|
||||
are bundled into a single pixel. The pixel bundling packs several (2, 4, or 8)
|
||||
pixels into a single pixel, reducing the image width respectively. Pixel
|
||||
bundling allows for a more efficient joint distribution entropy coding of
|
||||
neighboring pixels, and gives some arithmetic coding-like benefits to the
|
||||
neighboring pixels and gives some arithmetic coding-like benefits to the
|
||||
entropy code, but it can only be used when there are 16 or fewer unique values.
|
||||
|
||||
`color_table_size` specifies how many pixels are combined:
|
||||
@ -551,7 +552,7 @@ if (color_table_size <= 2) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
`width_bits` has a value of 0, 1, 2 or 3. A value of 0 indicates no pixel
|
||||
`width_bits` has a value of 0, 1, 2, or 3. A value of 0 indicates no pixel
|
||||
bundling is to be done for the image. A value of 1 indicates that two pixels are
|
||||
combined, and each pixel has a range of \[0..15\]. A value of 2 indicates that
|
||||
four pixels are combined, and each pixel has a range of \[0..3\]. A value of 3
|
||||
@ -560,18 +561,18 @@ that is, a binary value.
|
||||
|
||||
The values are packed into the green component as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
* `width_bits` = 1: for every x value where x ≡ 0 (mod 2), a green
|
||||
value at x is positioned into the 4 least-significant bits of the
|
||||
green value at x / 2, a green value at x + 1 is positioned into the
|
||||
4 most-significant bits of the green value at x / 2.
|
||||
* `width_bits` = 2: for every x value where x ≡ 0 (mod 4), a green
|
||||
* `width_bits` = 1: For every x value, where x ≡ 0 (mod 2), a green
|
||||
value at x is positioned into the 4 least significant bits of the
|
||||
green value at x / 2, and a green value at x + 1 is positioned into the
|
||||
4 most significant bits of the green value at x / 2.
|
||||
* `width_bits` = 2: For every x value, where x ≡ 0 (mod 4), a green
|
||||
value at x is positioned into the 2 least-significant bits of the
|
||||
green value at x / 4, green values at x + 1 to x + 3 are positioned in order
|
||||
to the more significant bits of the green value at x / 4.
|
||||
* `width_bits` = 3: for every x value where x ≡ 0 (mod 8), a green
|
||||
value at x is positioned into the least-significant bit of the green
|
||||
value at x / 8, green values at x + 1 to x + 7 are positioned in order to
|
||||
the more significant bits of the green value at x / 8.
|
||||
green value at x / 4, and green values at x + 1 to x + 3 are positioned in
|
||||
order to the more significant bits of the green value at x / 4.
|
||||
* `width_bits` = 3: For every x value, where x ≡ 0 (mod 8), a green
|
||||
value at x is positioned into the least significant bit of the green
|
||||
value at x / 8, and green values at x + 1 to x + 7 are positioned in order
|
||||
to the more significant bits of the green value at x / 8.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5 Image Data
|
||||
@ -588,18 +589,18 @@ We use image data in five different roles:
|
||||
[meta prefix codes](#decoding-of-meta-prefix-codes). The red and green
|
||||
components of a pixel define the meta prefix code used in a particular
|
||||
block of the ARGB image.
|
||||
1. Predictor image: Stores the metadata for
|
||||
[Predictor Transform](#predictor-transform). The green component of a pixel
|
||||
1. Predictor image: Stores the metadata for the
|
||||
[predictor transform](#predictor-transform). The green component of a pixel
|
||||
defines which of the 14 predictors is used within a particular block of the
|
||||
ARGB image.
|
||||
1. Color transform image. It is created by `ColorTransformElement` values
|
||||
(defined in [Color Transform](#color-transform)) for different blocks of
|
||||
1. Color transform image: Created by `ColorTransformElement` values
|
||||
(defined in ["Color Transform"](#color-transform)) for different blocks of
|
||||
the image. Each `ColorTransformElement` `'cte'` is treated as a pixel whose
|
||||
alpha component is `255`, red component is `cte.red_to_blue`, green
|
||||
component is `cte.green_to_blue` and blue component is `cte.green_to_red`.
|
||||
component is `cte.green_to_blue`, and blue component is `cte.green_to_red`.
|
||||
1. Color indexing image: An array of size `color_table_size` (up to 256
|
||||
ARGB values) storing the metadata for the
|
||||
[Color Indexing Transform](#color-indexing-transform). This is stored as an
|
||||
[color indexing transform](#color-indexing-transform). This is stored as an
|
||||
image of width `color_table_size` and height `1`.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.2 Encoding of Image Data
|
||||
@ -613,13 +614,13 @@ several blocks may share the same entropy codes.
|
||||
**Rationale:** Storing an entropy code incurs a cost. This cost can be minimized
|
||||
if statistically similar blocks share an entropy code, thereby storing that code
|
||||
only once. For example, an encoder can find similar blocks by clustering them
|
||||
using their statistical properties, or by repeatedly joining a pair of randomly
|
||||
using their statistical properties or by repeatedly joining a pair of randomly
|
||||
selected clusters when it reduces the overall amount of bits needed to encode
|
||||
the image.
|
||||
|
||||
Each pixel is encoded using one of the three possible methods:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Prefix coded literal: each channel (green, red, blue and alpha) is
|
||||
1. Prefix-coded literals: each channel (green, red, blue, and alpha) is
|
||||
entropy-coded independently;
|
||||
2. LZ77 backward reference: a sequence of pixels are copied from elsewhere
|
||||
in the image; or
|
||||
@ -628,9 +629,9 @@ Each pixel is encoded using one of the three possible methods:
|
||||
|
||||
The following subsections describe each of these in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5.2.1 Prefix Coded Literals
|
||||
#### 5.2.1 Prefix-Coded Literals
|
||||
|
||||
The pixel is stored as prefix coded values of green, red, blue and alpha (in
|
||||
The pixel is stored as prefix-coded values of green, red, blue, and alpha (in
|
||||
that order). See [Section 6.2.3](#decoding-entropy-coded-image-data) for
|
||||
details.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -646,12 +647,12 @@ Backward references are tuples of _length_ and _distance code_:
|
||||
The length and distance values are stored using **LZ77 prefix coding**.
|
||||
|
||||
LZ77 prefix coding divides large integer values into two parts: the _prefix
|
||||
code_ and the _extra bits_: the prefix code is stored using an entropy code,
|
||||
code_ and the _extra bits_. The prefix code is stored using an entropy code,
|
||||
while the extra bits are stored as they are (without an entropy code).
|
||||
|
||||
**Rationale**: This approach reduces the storage requirement for the entropy
|
||||
code. Also, large values are usually rare, and so extra bits would be used for
|
||||
very few values in the image. Thus, this approach results in better compression
|
||||
code. Also, large values are usually rare, so extra bits would be used for very
|
||||
few values in the image. Thus, this approach results in better compression
|
||||
overall.
|
||||
|
||||
The following table denotes the prefix codes and extra bits used for storing
|
||||
@ -697,16 +698,16 @@ previously seen pixel, from which the pixels are to be copied. This subsection
|
||||
defines the mapping between a distance code and the position of a previous
|
||||
pixel.
|
||||
|
||||
Distance codes larger than 120 denote the pixel-distance in scan-line order,
|
||||
Distance codes larger than 120 denote the pixel distance in scan-line order,
|
||||
offset by 120.
|
||||
|
||||
The smallest distance codes \[1..120\] are special, and are reserved for a close
|
||||
The smallest distance codes \[1..120\] are special and are reserved for a close
|
||||
neighborhood of the current pixel. This neighborhood consists of 120 pixels:
|
||||
|
||||
* Pixels that are 1 to 7 rows above the current pixel, and are up to 8 columns
|
||||
* Pixels that are 1 to 7 rows above the current pixel and are up to 8 columns
|
||||
to the left or up to 7 columns to the right of the current pixel. \[Total
|
||||
such pixels = `7 * (8 + 1 + 7) = 112`\].
|
||||
* Pixels that are in same row as the current pixel, and are up to 8 columns to
|
||||
* Pixels that are in same row as the current pixel and are up to 8 columns to
|
||||
the left of the current pixel. \[`8` such pixels\].
|
||||
|
||||
The mapping between distance code `i` and the neighboring pixel offset
|
||||
@ -735,8 +736,8 @@ The mapping between distance code `i` and the neighboring pixel offset
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the distance code `1` indicates an offset of `(0, 1)` for the
|
||||
neighboring pixel, that is, the pixel above the current pixel (0 pixel
|
||||
difference in the X-direction and 1 pixel difference in the Y-direction).
|
||||
Similarly, the distance code `3` indicates the left-top pixel.
|
||||
difference in the X direction and 1 pixel difference in the Y direction).
|
||||
Similarly, the distance code `3` indicates the top-left pixel.
|
||||
|
||||
The decoder can convert a distance code `i` to a scan-line order distance `dist`
|
||||
as follows:
|
||||
@ -749,7 +750,7 @@ if (dist < 1) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
where `distance_map` is the mapping noted above and `xsize` is the width of the
|
||||
where `distance_map` is the mapping noted above, and `xsize` is the width of the
|
||||
image in pixels.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -760,7 +761,7 @@ Color cache stores a set of colors that have been recently used in the image.
|
||||
|
||||
**Rationale:** This way, the recently used colors can sometimes be referred to
|
||||
more efficiently than emitting them using the other two methods (described in
|
||||
[5.2.1](#prefix-coded-literals) and [5.2.2](#lz77-backward-reference)).
|
||||
Sections [5.2.1](#prefix-coded-literals) and [5.2.2](#lz77-backward-reference)).
|
||||
|
||||
Color cache codes are stored as follows. First, there is a 1-bit value that
|
||||
indicates if the color cache is used. If this bit is 0, no color cache codes
|
||||
@ -773,7 +774,7 @@ int color_cache_code_bits = ReadBits(4);
|
||||
int color_cache_size = 1 << color_cache_code_bits;
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
`color_cache_code_bits` defines the size of the color_cache by (1 <<
|
||||
`color_cache_code_bits` defines the size of the color_cache (1 <<
|
||||
`color_cache_code_bits`). The range of allowed values for
|
||||
`color_cache_code_bits` is \[1..11\]. Compliant decoders must indicate a
|
||||
corrupted bitstream for other values.
|
||||
@ -799,7 +800,7 @@ Most of the data is coded using a [canonical prefix code][canonical_huff].
|
||||
Hence, the codes are transmitted by sending the _prefix code lengths_, as
|
||||
opposed to the actual _prefix codes_.
|
||||
|
||||
In particular, the format uses **spatially-variant prefix coding**. In other
|
||||
In particular, the format uses **spatially variant prefix coding**. In other
|
||||
words, different blocks of the image can potentially use different entropy
|
||||
codes.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -827,7 +828,7 @@ This section describes how to read the prefix code lengths from the bitstream.
|
||||
The prefix code lengths can be coded in two ways. The method used is specified
|
||||
by a 1-bit value.
|
||||
|
||||
* If this bit is 1, it is a _simple code length code_, and
|
||||
* If this bit is 1, it is a _simple code length code_.
|
||||
* If this bit is 0, it is a _normal code length code_.
|
||||
|
||||
In both cases, there can be unused code lengths that are still part of the
|
||||
@ -851,9 +852,9 @@ The first bit indicates the number of symbols:
|
||||
int num_symbols = ReadBits(1) + 1;
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Following are the symbol values.
|
||||
The following are the symbol values.
|
||||
|
||||
This first symbol is coded using 1 or 8 bits depending on the value of
|
||||
This first symbol is coded using 1 or 8 bits, depending on the value of
|
||||
`is_first_8bits`. The range is \[0..1\] or \[0..255\], respectively. The second
|
||||
symbol, if present, is always assumed to be in the range \[0..255\] and coded
|
||||
using 8 bits.
|
||||
@ -886,7 +887,7 @@ int num_code_lengths = 4 + ReadBits(4);
|
||||
|
||||
If `num_code_lengths` is > 19, the bitstream is invalid.
|
||||
|
||||
The code lengths are themselves encoded using prefix codes: lower level code
|
||||
The code lengths are themselves encoded using prefix codes; lower-level code
|
||||
lengths, `code_length_code_lengths`, first have to be read. The rest of those
|
||||
`code_length_code_lengths` (according to the order in `kCodeLengthCodeOrder`)
|
||||
are zeros.
|
||||
@ -916,20 +917,20 @@ to `max_symbol` code lengths.
|
||||
* Code \[0..15\] indicates literal code lengths.
|
||||
* Value 0 means no symbols have been coded.
|
||||
* Values \[1..15\] indicate the bit length of the respective code.
|
||||
* Code 16 repeats the previous non-zero value \[3..6\] times, that is,
|
||||
`3 + ReadBits(2)` times. If code 16 is used before a non-zero
|
||||
* Code 16 repeats the previous nonzero value \[3..6\] times, that is,
|
||||
`3 + ReadBits(2)` times. If code 16 is used before a nonzero
|
||||
value has been emitted, a value of 8 is repeated.
|
||||
* Code 17 emits a streak of zeros \[3..10\], that is, `3 + ReadBits(3)`
|
||||
times.
|
||||
* Code 17 emits a streak of zeros of length \[3..10\], that is, `3 +
|
||||
ReadBits(3)` times.
|
||||
* Code 18 emits a streak of zeros of length \[11..138\], that is,
|
||||
`11 + ReadBits(7)` times.
|
||||
|
||||
Once code lengths are read, a prefix code for each symbol type (A, R, G, B,
|
||||
Once code lengths are read, a prefix code for each symbol type (A, R, G, B, and
|
||||
distance) is formed using their respective alphabet sizes:
|
||||
|
||||
* G channel: 256 + 24 + `color_cache_size`
|
||||
* other literals (A,R,B): 256
|
||||
* distance code: 40
|
||||
* Other literals (A, R, and B): 256
|
||||
* Distance code: 40
|
||||
|
||||
The Normal Code Length Code must code a full decision tree, that is, the sum of
|
||||
`2 ^ (-length)` for all non-zero codes must be exactly one. There is however
|
||||
@ -958,8 +959,8 @@ value:
|
||||
The entropy image defines which prefix codes are used in different parts of the
|
||||
image, as described below.
|
||||
|
||||
The first 3-bits contain the `prefix_bits` value. The dimensions of the entropy
|
||||
image are derived from `prefix_bits`.
|
||||
The first 3 bits contain the `prefix_bits` value. The dimensions of the entropy
|
||||
image are derived from `prefix_bits`:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
int prefix_bits = ReadBits(3) + 2;
|
||||
@ -977,9 +978,9 @@ The next bits contain an entropy image of width `prefix_xsize` and height
|
||||
For any given pixel (x, y), there is a set of five prefix codes associated with
|
||||
it. These codes are (in bitstream order):
|
||||
|
||||
* **Prefix code #1**: used for green channel, backward-reference length and
|
||||
* **Prefix code #1**: used for green channel, backward-reference length, and
|
||||
color cache.
|
||||
* **Prefix code #2, #3 and #4**: used for red, blue and alpha channels
|
||||
* **Prefix code #2, #3, and #4**: used for red, blue, and alpha channels,
|
||||
respectively.
|
||||
* **Prefix code #5**: used for backward-reference distance.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1011,42 +1012,43 @@ int meta_prefix_code = (entropy_image[position] >> 8) & 0xffff;
|
||||
PrefixCodeGroup prefix_group = prefix_code_groups[meta_prefix_code];
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
where, we have assumed the existence of `PrefixCodeGroup` structure, which
|
||||
where we have assumed the existence of `PrefixCodeGroup` structure, which
|
||||
represents a set of five prefix codes. Also, `prefix_code_groups` is an array of
|
||||
`PrefixCodeGroup` (of size `num_prefix_groups`).
|
||||
|
||||
The decoder then uses prefix code group `prefix_group` to decode the pixel
|
||||
(x, y) as explained in the [next section](#decoding-entropy-coded-image-data).
|
||||
(x, y), as explained in ["Decoding Entropy-Coded Image
|
||||
Data"](#decoding-entropy-coded-image-data).
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6.2.3 Decoding Entropy-Coded Image Data
|
||||
|
||||
For the current position (x, y) in the image, the decoder first identifies the
|
||||
corresponding prefix code group (as explained in the last section). Given the
|
||||
prefix code group, the pixel is read and decoded as follows:
|
||||
prefix code group, the pixel is read and decoded as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
Read the next symbol S from the bitstream using prefix code #1. Note that S is
|
||||
Next, read the symbol S from the bitstream using prefix code #1. Note that S is
|
||||
any integer in the range `0` to
|
||||
`(256 + 24 + ` [`color_cache_size`](#color-cache-code)` - 1)`.
|
||||
|
||||
The interpretation of S depends on its value:
|
||||
|
||||
1. if S < 256
|
||||
1. If S < 256
|
||||
1. Use S as the green component.
|
||||
1. Read red from the bitstream using prefix code #2.
|
||||
1. Read blue from the bitstream using prefix code #3.
|
||||
1. Read alpha from the bitstream using prefix code #4.
|
||||
1. if S >= 256 && S < 256 + 24
|
||||
1. If S >= 256 & S < 256 + 24
|
||||
1. Use S - 256 as a length prefix code.
|
||||
1. Read extra bits for length from the bitstream.
|
||||
1. Read extra bits for the length from the bitstream.
|
||||
1. Determine backward-reference length L from length prefix code and the
|
||||
extra bits read.
|
||||
1. Read distance prefix code from the bitstream using prefix code #5.
|
||||
1. Read extra bits for distance from the bitstream.
|
||||
1. Determine backward-reference distance D from distance prefix code and
|
||||
the extra bits read.
|
||||
1. Read the distance prefix code from the bitstream using prefix code #5.
|
||||
1. Read extra bits for the distance from the bitstream.
|
||||
1. Determine backward-reference distance D from the distance prefix code
|
||||
and the extra bits read.
|
||||
1. Copy the L pixels (in scan-line order) from the sequence of pixels
|
||||
prior to them by D pixels.
|
||||
1. if S >= 256 + 24
|
||||
1. If S >= 256 + 24
|
||||
1. Use S - (256 + 24) as the index into the color cache.
|
||||
1. Get ARGB color from the color cache at that index.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1055,7 +1057,7 @@ The interpretation of S depends on its value:
|
||||
---------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Below is a view into the format in Augmented Backus-Naur Form ([ABNF]). It does
|
||||
not cover all details. End-of-image (EOI) is only implicitly coded into the
|
||||
not cover all details. The end-of-image (EOI) is only implicitly coded into the
|
||||
number of pixels (xsize * ysize).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1124,7 +1126,7 @@ lz77-coded-image =
|
||||
*((argb-pixel / lz77-copy / color-cache-code) lz77-coded-image)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
A possible example sequence:
|
||||
The following is a possible example sequence:
|
||||
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
RIFF-header image-size %b1 subtract-green-tx
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user