Merge pull request #26 from michaelrsweet/crypto

Merge RC4/AES-128 crypto implementation.

.gitignore

@@ -8,6 +8,5 @@
 /packages
 /pdfio.xcodeproj/xcshareddata
 /testpdfio
-/testpdfio-out.pdf
+/testpdfio-*.pdf
-/testpdfio-out2.pdf
 /x64

FAQ.md

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-Frequently Asked Questions
-==========================
-
-Why Don't You Support Writing a PDF File with Encryption?
----------------------------------------------------------
-
-PDF encryption offers very little protection:
-
-- PDF encryption keys are reused and derived from the user password (padded
-  with a standard base string) and the object numbers in the file.
-- RC4 encryption (40- and 128-bit) was broken years ago.
-- AES encryption (128- and 256-bit) is better, but PDF uses Cipher Block
-  Chaining (CBC) which enables attacks that allow the original encryption key
-  to be recovered.
-
-In addition, PDF usage controls (no print, no copy, etc.) are tied to this
-encryption, making them trivial to bypass.

Makefile

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ ARFLAGS		=	cr
 CC		=	cc
 CFLAGS		=
 CODESIGN_IDENTITY =	Developer ID
-COMMONFLAGS	=	-Os -g
+#COMMONFLAGS	=	-Os -g
+COMMONFLAGS	=	-O0 -g
 CPPFLAGS	=	'-DPDFIO_VERSION="$(VERSION)"'
 DESTDIR		=	$(DSTROOT)
 DSO		=	cc
@@ -40,13 +41,18 @@ PUBHEADERS	=	\
 			pdfio.h \
 			pdfio-content.h
 PUBOBJS		=	\
+			pdfio-aes.o \
 			pdfio-array.o \
 			pdfio-common.o \
 			pdfio-content.o \
+			pdfio-crypto.o \
 			pdfio-dict.o \
 			pdfio-file.o \
+			pdfio-md5.o \
 			pdfio-object.o \
 			pdfio-page.o \
+			pdfio-rc4.o \
+			pdfio-sha256.o \
 			pdfio-stream.o \
 			pdfio-string.o \
 			pdfio-token.o \
@@ -144,16 +150,8 @@ pdfio1.def: $(LIBOBJS) Makefile
 	echo "LIBRARY pdfio1" >$@
 	echo "VERSION 1.0" >>$@
 	echo "EXPORTS" >>$@
-	(nm $(LIBOBJS) 2>/dev/null | grep "T _" | awk '{print $$3}' | \
+	nm $(LIBOBJS) 2>/dev/null | grep "T _" | awk '{print $$3}' | \
-		grep -v '^_ttf' | grep -v '^__' | sed -e '1,$$s/^_//'; \
+		grep -v '^_ttf' | sed -e '1,$$s/^_//' | sort >>$@
-		echo pdfioAdobeRGBGamma; echo pdfioAdobeRGBMatrix; \
-		echo pdfioAdobeRGBWhitePoint; \
-		echo pdfioDisplayP3Gamma; echo pdfioDisplayP3Matrix; \
-		echo pdfioDisplayP3WhitePoint; \
-		echo pdfioSRGBGamma; echo pdfioSRGBMatrix; \
-		echo pdfioSRGBWhitePoint; \
-		echo _pdfioTokenInit; \
-		echo _pdfioValueDebug; echo _pdfioValueRead) | sort >>$@
 
 
 # pdfio test program

README.md

@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ goals of PDFio are:
 
 - Read and write any version of PDF file
 - Provide access to pages, objects, and streams within a PDF file
-- Support reading encrypted PDF files
+- Support reading and writing of encrypted PDF files
-- Support writing PDF files with digital signatures
 - Extract or embed useful metadata (author, creator, page information, etc.)
 - "Filter" PDF files, for example to extract a range of pages or to embed fonts
   that are missing from a PDF

doc/pdfio.md

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ Introduction
 PDFio is a simple C library for reading and writing PDF files.  The primary
 goals of pdfio are:
 
-- Read any PDF file with or without encryption or linearization
+- Read and write any version of PDF file
-- Write PDF files without encryption or linearization
+- Provide access to pages, objects, and streams within a PDF file
+- Support reading and writing of encrypted PDF files
 - Extract or embed useful metadata (author, creator, page information, etc.)
 - "Filter" PDF files, for example to extract a range of pages or to embed fonts
   that are missing from a PDF

pdfio-aes.c

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+//
+// AES functions for PDFio.
+//
+// Copyright © 2021 by Michael R Sweet.
+//
+// Licensed under Apache License v2.0.  See the file "LICENSE" for more
+// information.
+//
+// AES code is adapted from the "tiny-AES-c" project
+// (<https://github.com/kokke/tiny-AES-c>)
+//
+
+//
+// Include necessary headers...
+//
+
+#include "pdfio-private.h"
+
+
+//
+// Local types...
+//
+
+typedef uint8_t state_t[4][4];		// 4x4 AES state table
+
+
+//
+// Local globals...
+//
+
+static const uint8_t sbox[256] =	// S-box lookup table
+{
+  //0     1    2      3     4    5     6     7      8    9     A      B    C     D     E     F
+  0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76,
+  0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0,
+  0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15,
+  0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75,
+  0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84,
+  0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf,
+  0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8,
+  0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2,
+  0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73,
+  0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb,
+  0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79,
+  0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08,
+  0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a,
+  0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e,
+  0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf,
+  0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16
+};
+static const uint8_t rsbox[256] =	// Reverse S-box lookup table
+{
+  0x52, 0x09, 0x6a, 0xd5, 0x30, 0x36, 0xa5, 0x38, 0xbf, 0x40, 0xa3, 0x9e, 0x81, 0xf3, 0xd7, 0xfb,
+  0x7c, 0xe3, 0x39, 0x82, 0x9b, 0x2f, 0xff, 0x87, 0x34, 0x8e, 0x43, 0x44, 0xc4, 0xde, 0xe9, 0xcb,
+  0x54, 0x7b, 0x94, 0x32, 0xa6, 0xc2, 0x23, 0x3d, 0xee, 0x4c, 0x95, 0x0b, 0x42, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0x4e,
+  0x08, 0x2e, 0xa1, 0x66, 0x28, 0xd9, 0x24, 0xb2, 0x76, 0x5b, 0xa2, 0x49, 0x6d, 0x8b, 0xd1, 0x25,
+  0x72, 0xf8, 0xf6, 0x64, 0x86, 0x68, 0x98, 0x16, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x5c, 0xcc, 0x5d, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x92,
+  0x6c, 0x70, 0x48, 0x50, 0xfd, 0xed, 0xb9, 0xda, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x46, 0x57, 0xa7, 0x8d, 0x9d, 0x84,
+  0x90, 0xd8, 0xab, 0x00, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0xd3, 0x0a, 0xf7, 0xe4, 0x58, 0x05, 0xb8, 0xb3, 0x45, 0x06,
+  0xd0, 0x2c, 0x1e, 0x8f, 0xca, 0x3f, 0x0f, 0x02, 0xc1, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x03, 0x01, 0x13, 0x8a, 0x6b,
+  0x3a, 0x91, 0x11, 0x41, 0x4f, 0x67, 0xdc, 0xea, 0x97, 0xf2, 0xcf, 0xce, 0xf0, 0xb4, 0xe6, 0x73,
+  0x96, 0xac, 0x74, 0x22, 0xe7, 0xad, 0x35, 0x85, 0xe2, 0xf9, 0x37, 0xe8, 0x1c, 0x75, 0xdf, 0x6e,
+  0x47, 0xf1, 0x1a, 0x71, 0x1d, 0x29, 0xc5, 0x89, 0x6f, 0xb7, 0x62, 0x0e, 0xaa, 0x18, 0xbe, 0x1b,
+  0xfc, 0x56, 0x3e, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xd2, 0x79, 0x20, 0x9a, 0xdb, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x78, 0xcd, 0x5a, 0xf4,
+  0x1f, 0xdd, 0xa8, 0x33, 0x88, 0x07, 0xc7, 0x31, 0xb1, 0x12, 0x10, 0x59, 0x27, 0x80, 0xec, 0x5f,
+  0x60, 0x51, 0x7f, 0xa9, 0x19, 0xb5, 0x4a, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xe5, 0x7a, 0x9f, 0x93, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xef,
+  0xa0, 0xe0, 0x3b, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x2a, 0xf5, 0xb0, 0xc8, 0xeb, 0xbb, 0x3c, 0x83, 0x53, 0x99, 0x61,
+  0x17, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x7e, 0xba, 0x77, 0xd6, 0x26, 0xe1, 0x69, 0x14, 0x63, 0x55, 0x21, 0x0c, 0x7d
+};
+
+// The round constant word array, Rcon[i], contains the values given by 
+// x to the power (i-1) being powers of x (x is denoted as {02}) in the field GF(2^8)
+static const uint8_t Rcon[11] =		// Round constants
+{
+  0x8d, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1b, 0x36
+};
+
+
+//
+// Local functions...
+//
+
+static void	AddRoundKey(size_t round, state_t *state, const uint8_t *RoundKey);
+static void	SubBytes(state_t *state);
+static void	ShiftRows(state_t *state);
+static uint8_t	xtime(uint8_t x);
+static void	MixColumns(state_t *state);
+static uint8_t	Multiply(uint8_t x, uint8_t y);
+static void	InvMixColumns(state_t *state);
+static void	InvSubBytes(state_t *state);
+static void	InvShiftRows(state_t *state);
+static void	Cipher(state_t *state, const _pdfio_aes_t *ctx);
+static void	InvCipher(state_t *state, const _pdfio_aes_t *ctx);
+static void	XorWithIv(uint8_t *buf, const uint8_t *Iv);
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoAESInit()' - Initialize an AES context.
+//
+
+void
+_pdfioCryptoAESInit(
+    _pdfio_aes_t  *ctx,			// I - AES context
+    const uint8_t *key,			// I - Key
+    size_t        keylen,		// I - Length of key (must be 16 or 32)
+    const uint8_t *iv)			// I - 16-byte initialization vector
+{
+  size_t	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	*rkptr0,		// Previous round_key values
+		*rkptr,			// Current round_key values
+		*rkend,			// End of round_key values
+		tempa[4];		// Used for the column/row operations
+//  size_t	roundlen = keylen + 24;	// Length of round_key
+  size_t	nwords = keylen / 4;	// Number of 32-bit words in key
+
+
+  // Clear context
+  memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(_pdfio_aes_t));
+  ctx->round_size = keylen / 4 + 6;
+
+  // The first round key is the key itself.
+  memcpy(ctx->round_key, key, keylen);
+
+  // All other round keys are found from the previous round keys.
+  for (rkptr0 = ctx->round_key, rkptr = rkptr0 + keylen, rkend = rkptr + 16 * ctx->round_size, i = nwords; rkptr < rkend; i ++)
+  {
+    if ((i % nwords) == 0)
+    {
+      // Shifts word left once - [a0,a1,a2,a3] becomes [a1,a2,a3,a0], then
+      // apply the S-box to each of the four bytes to produce an output word.
+      tempa[0] = sbox[rkptr[-3]] ^ Rcon[i / nwords];
+      tempa[1] = sbox[rkptr[-2]];
+      tempa[2] = sbox[rkptr[-1]];
+      tempa[3] = sbox[rkptr[-4]];
+    }
+    else if (keylen == 32 && (i % nwords) == 4)
+    {
+      // Apply the S-box to each of the four bytes to produce an output word.
+      tempa[0] = sbox[rkptr[-4]];
+      tempa[1] = sbox[rkptr[-3]];
+      tempa[2] = sbox[rkptr[-2]];
+      tempa[3] = sbox[rkptr[-1]];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      // Use unshifted values without S-box...
+      tempa[0] = rkptr[-4];
+      tempa[1] = rkptr[-3];
+      tempa[2] = rkptr[-2];
+      tempa[3] = rkptr[-1];
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Optimize to incorporate this into previous steps
+    *rkptr++ = *rkptr0++ ^ tempa[0];
+    *rkptr++ = *rkptr0++ ^ tempa[1];
+    *rkptr++ = *rkptr0++ ^ tempa[2];
+    *rkptr++ = *rkptr0++ ^ tempa[3];
+  }
+
+  // Copy the initialization vector...
+  if (iv)
+    memcpy(ctx->iv, iv, sizeof(ctx->iv));
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt()' - Decrypt a block of bytes with AES.
+//
+// "inbuffer" and "outbuffer" can point to the same memory.  Length must be a
+// multiple of 16 bytes (excess is not decrypted).
+//
+
+size_t					// O - Number of bytes in output buffer
+_pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt(
+    _pdfio_aes_t  *ctx,			// I - AES context
+    uint8_t       *outbuffer,		// I - Output buffer
+    const uint8_t *inbuffer,		// I - Input buffer
+    size_t        len)			// I - Number of bytes to decrypt
+{
+  uint8_t	next_iv[16];		// Next IV value
+  size_t	outbytes = 0;		// Output bytes
+
+
+  if (inbuffer != outbuffer)
+  {
+    // Not the most efficient, but we can optimize later - the sample AES code
+    // manipulates the data directly in memory and doesn't support separate
+    // input and output buffers...
+    memcpy(outbuffer, inbuffer, len);
+  }
+
+  while (len > 15)
+  {
+    memcpy(next_iv, outbuffer, 16);
+    InvCipher((state_t *)outbuffer, ctx);
+    XorWithIv(outbuffer, ctx->iv);
+    memcpy(ctx->iv, next_iv, 16);
+    outbuffer += 16;
+    len -= 16;
+    outbytes += 16;
+  }
+
+  return (outbytes);
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt()' - Encrypt a block of bytes with AES.
+//
+// "inbuffer" and "outbuffer" can point to the same memory.  "outbuffer" must
+// be a multiple of 16 bytes.
+//
+
+size_t					// O - Number of bytes in output buffer
+_pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt(
+    _pdfio_aes_t  *ctx,			// I - AES context
+    uint8_t       *outbuffer,		// I - Output buffer
+    const uint8_t *inbuffer,		// I - Input buffer
+    size_t        len)			// I - Number of bytes to decrypt
+{
+  uint8_t	*iv = ctx->iv;		// Current IV for CBC
+  size_t	outbytes = 0;		// Output bytes
+
+
+  if (inbuffer != outbuffer)
+  {
+    // Not the most efficient, but we can optimize later - the sample AES code
+    // manipulates the data directly in memory and doesn't support separate
+    // input and output buffers...
+    memcpy(outbuffer, inbuffer, len);
+  }
+
+  while (len > 15)
+  {
+    XorWithIv(outbuffer, iv);
+    Cipher((state_t*)outbuffer, ctx);
+    iv = outbuffer;
+    outbuffer += 16;
+    len -= 16;
+    outbytes += 16;
+  }
+
+  if (len > 0)
+  {
+    // Pad the final buffer with (16 - len)...
+    memset(outbuffer + len, 16 - len, 16 - len);
+
+    XorWithIv(outbuffer, iv);
+    Cipher((state_t*)outbuffer, ctx);
+    iv = outbuffer;
+    outbytes += 16;
+  }
+
+  /* store Iv in ctx for next call */
+  memcpy(ctx->iv, iv, 16);
+
+  return (outbytes);
+}
+
+
+// This function adds the round key to state.
+// The round key is added to the state by an XOR function.
+static void
+AddRoundKey(size_t round, state_t *state, const uint8_t *RoundKey)
+{
+  unsigned	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+
+
+  for (RoundKey += round * 16, i = 16; i > 0; i --, sptr ++, RoundKey ++)
+    *sptr ^= *RoundKey;
+}
+
+
+// The SubBytes Function Substitutes the values in the
+// state matrix with values in an S-box.
+static void
+SubBytes(state_t *state)
+{
+  unsigned	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+
+
+  for (i = 16; i > 0; i --, sptr ++)
+    *sptr = sbox[*sptr];
+}
+
+// The ShiftRows() function shifts the rows in the state to the left.
+// Each row is shifted with different offset.
+// Offset = Row number. So the first row is not shifted.
+static void
+ShiftRows(state_t *state)
+{
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+  uint8_t	temp;			// Temporary value
+
+
+  // Rotate first row 1 columns to left  
+  temp     = sptr[1];
+  sptr[1]  = sptr[5];
+  sptr[5]  = sptr[9];
+  sptr[9]  = sptr[13];
+  sptr[13] = temp;
+
+  // Rotate second row 2 columns to left  
+  temp     = sptr[2];
+  sptr[2]  = sptr[10];
+  sptr[10] = temp;
+
+  temp     = sptr[6];
+  sptr[6]  = sptr[14];
+  sptr[14] = temp;
+
+  // Rotate third row 3 columns to left
+  temp     = sptr[3];
+  sptr[3]  = sptr[15];
+  sptr[15] = sptr[11];
+  sptr[11] = sptr[7];
+  sptr[7]  = temp;
+}
+
+
+static uint8_t
+xtime(uint8_t x)
+{
+  return ((uint8_t)((x << 1) ^ ((x >> 7) * 0x1b)));
+}
+
+
+// MixColumns function mixes the columns of the state matrix
+static void
+MixColumns(state_t *state)
+{
+  unsigned	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+  uint8_t	Tmp, Tm, t;		// Temporary values
+
+  for (i = 4; i > 0; i --, sptr += 4)
+  {  
+    t       = sptr[0];
+    Tmp     = sptr[0] ^ sptr[1] ^ sptr[2] ^ sptr[3];
+    Tm      = sptr[0] ^ sptr[1];
+    Tm      = xtime(Tm);
+    sptr[0] ^= Tm ^ Tmp;
+
+    Tm      = sptr[1] ^ sptr[2];
+    Tm      = xtime(Tm);
+    sptr[1] ^= Tm ^ Tmp;
+
+    Tm      = sptr[2] ^ sptr[3];
+    Tm      = xtime(Tm);
+    sptr[2] ^= Tm ^ Tmp;
+
+    Tm      = sptr[3] ^ t;
+    Tm      = xtime(Tm);
+    sptr[3] ^= Tm ^ Tmp;
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Multiply is used to multiply numbers in the field GF(2^8)
+// Note: The last call to xtime() is unneeded, but often ends up generating a smaller binary
+//       The compiler seems to be able to vectorize the operation better this way.
+//       See https://github.com/kokke/tiny-AES-c/pull/34
+static uint8_t Multiply(uint8_t x, uint8_t y)
+{
+  return (((y & 1) * x) ^
+	  ((y>>1 & 1) * xtime(x)) ^
+	  ((y>>2 & 1) * xtime(xtime(x))) ^
+	  ((y>>3 & 1) * xtime(xtime(xtime(x)))) ^
+	  ((y>>4 & 1) * xtime(xtime(xtime(xtime(x)))))); /* this last call to xtime() can be omitted */
+}
+
+
+// MixColumns function mixes the columns of the state matrix.
+// The method used to multiply may be difficult to understand for the inexperienced.
+// Please use the references to gain more information.
+static void
+InvMixColumns(state_t *state)
+{
+  unsigned	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+  uint8_t	a, b, c, d;		// Temporary values
+
+
+  for (i = 4; i > 0; i --)
+  { 
+    a = sptr[0];
+    b = sptr[1];
+    c = sptr[2];
+    d = sptr[3];
+
+    *sptr++ = Multiply(a, 0x0e) ^ Multiply(b, 0x0b) ^ Multiply(c, 0x0d) ^ Multiply(d, 0x09);
+    *sptr++ = Multiply(a, 0x09) ^ Multiply(b, 0x0e) ^ Multiply(c, 0x0b) ^ Multiply(d, 0x0d);
+    *sptr++ = Multiply(a, 0x0d) ^ Multiply(b, 0x09) ^ Multiply(c, 0x0e) ^ Multiply(d, 0x0b);
+    *sptr++ = Multiply(a, 0x0b) ^ Multiply(b, 0x0d) ^ Multiply(c, 0x09) ^ Multiply(d, 0x0e);
+  }
+}
+
+
+// The SubBytes Function Substitutes the values in the
+// state matrix with values in an S-box.
+static void
+InvSubBytes(state_t *state)
+{
+  unsigned	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+
+
+  for (i = 16; i > 0; i --, sptr ++)
+    *sptr = rsbox[*sptr];
+}
+
+
+static void
+InvShiftRows(state_t *state)
+{
+  uint8_t	*sptr = (*state)[0];	// Pointer into state
+  uint8_t	temp;			// Temporary value
+
+
+  // Rotate first row 1 columns to right  
+  temp     = sptr[13];
+  sptr[13] = sptr[9];
+  sptr[9]  = sptr[5];
+  sptr[5]  = sptr[1];
+  sptr[1]  = temp;
+
+  // Rotate second row 2 columns to right 
+  temp     = sptr[2];
+  sptr[2]  = sptr[10];
+  sptr[10] = temp;
+
+  temp     = sptr[6];
+  sptr[6]  = sptr[14];
+  sptr[14] = temp;
+
+  // Rotate third row 3 columns to right
+  temp     = sptr[3];
+  sptr[3]  = sptr[7];
+  sptr[7]  = sptr[11];
+  sptr[11] = sptr[15];
+  sptr[15] = temp;
+}
+
+
+// Cipher is the main function that encrypts the PlainText.
+static void
+Cipher(state_t *state, const _pdfio_aes_t *ctx)
+{
+  size_t round = 0;
+
+  // Add the First round key to the state before starting the rounds.
+  AddRoundKey(0, state, ctx->round_key);
+
+  // There will be Nr rounds.
+  // The first Nr-1 rounds are identical.
+  // These Nr rounds are executed in the loop below.
+  // Last one without MixColumns()
+  for (round = 1; round < ctx->round_size; round ++)
+  {
+    SubBytes(state);
+    ShiftRows(state);
+    MixColumns(state);
+    AddRoundKey(round, state, ctx->round_key);
+  }
+  // Add round key to last round
+  SubBytes(state);
+  ShiftRows(state);
+  AddRoundKey(ctx->round_size, state, ctx->round_key);
+}
+
+
+static void
+InvCipher(state_t *state, const _pdfio_aes_t *ctx)
+{
+  size_t round;
+
+  // Add the First round key to the state before starting the rounds.
+  AddRoundKey(ctx->round_size, state, ctx->round_key);
+
+  // There will be Nr rounds.
+  // The first Nr-1 rounds are identical.
+  // These Nr rounds are executed in the loop below.
+  // Last one without InvMixColumn()
+  for (round = ctx->round_size - 1; ; round --)
+  {
+    InvShiftRows(state);
+    InvSubBytes(state);
+    AddRoundKey(round, state, ctx->round_key);
+
+    if (round == 0)
+      break;
+
+    InvMixColumns(state);
+  }
+}
+
+
+static void
+XorWithIv(uint8_t *buf, const uint8_t *Iv)
+{
+  // 16-byte block...
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+  *buf++ ^= *Iv++;
+}

pdfio-array.c

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ pdfioArrayGetBinary(
     size_t        n,			// I - Index
     size_t        *length)		// O - Length of string
 {
-  if (!a || n >= a->num_values || a->values[n].type != PDFIO_VALTYPE_BINARY || !length)
+  if (!a || n >= a->num_values || a->values[n].type != PDFIO_VALTYPE_BINARY)
   {
     if (length)
       *length = 0;
@@ -407,7 +407,9 @@ pdfioArrayGetBinary(
   }
   else
   {
-    *length = a->values[n].value.binary.datalen;
+    if (length)
+      *length = a->values[n].value.binary.datalen;
+
     return (a->values[n].value.binary.data);
   }
 }
@@ -567,6 +569,7 @@ _pdfioArrayGetValue(pdfio_array_t *a,	// I - Array
 
 pdfio_array_t *				// O - New array
 _pdfioArrayRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
+		pdfio_obj_t    *obj,	// I - Object, if any
                 _pdfio_token_t *tb)	// I - Token buffer/stack
 {
   pdfio_array_t		*array;		// New array
@@ -591,7 +594,7 @@ _pdfioArrayRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 
     // Push the token and decode the value...
     _pdfioTokenPush(tb, token);
-    if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, tb, &value))
+    if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, obj, tb, &value))
       break;
 
 //    PDFIO_DEBUG("_pdfioArrayRead(%p): Appending ", (void *)array);
@@ -610,7 +613,8 @@ _pdfioArrayRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 //
 
 bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` otherwise
-_pdfioArrayWrite(pdfio_array_t *a)	// I - Array
+_pdfioArrayWrite(pdfio_array_t *a,	// I - Array
+		 pdfio_obj_t   *obj)	// I - Object, if any
 {
   pdfio_file_t	*pdf = a->pdf;		// PDF file
   size_t	i;			// Looping var
@@ -624,7 +628,7 @@ _pdfioArrayWrite(pdfio_array_t *a)	// I - Array
   // Write each value...
   for (i = a->num_values, v = a->values; i > 0; i --, v ++)
   {
-    if (!_pdfioValueWrite(pdf, v, NULL))
+    if (!_pdfioValueWrite(pdf, obj, v, NULL))
       return (false);
   }
 

pdfio-crypto.c

@@ -0,0 +1,980 @@
+//
+// Cryptographic support functions for PDFio.
+//
+// Copyright © 2021 by Michael R Sweet.
+//
+// Licensed under Apache License v2.0.  See the file "LICENSE" for more
+// information.
+//
+
+//
+// Include necessary headers...
+//
+
+#include "pdfio-private.h"
+#if !_WIN32
+#  include <sys/time.h>
+#endif // !_WIN32
+#ifdef __has_include
+#  if __has_include(<sys/random.h>)
+#    define HAVE_GETRANDOM 1
+#    include <sys/random.h>
+#  endif // __has_include(<sys/random.h>)
+#endif // __has_include
+
+
+//
+// PDF files can use one of several methods to encrypt a PDF file.  There is
+// an owner password that controls/unlocks full editing/usage permissions and a
+// user password that unlocks limited usage of the PDF.  Permissions are set
+// using bits for copy, print, etc. (see the `pdfio_permission_t` enumeration).
+// Passwords can be up to 32 bytes in length, with a well-known padding string
+// that is applied if the string is less than 32 bytes or there is no password.
+//
+// > Note: PDF encryption has several design weaknesses which limit the
+// > protection offered.  The V2 and V4 security handlers depend on the obsolete
+// > MD5 and RC4 algorithms for key generation, and Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)
+// > further weakens AES support.  Enforcement of usage permissions depends on
+// > the consuming software honoring them, so if the password is known or (more
+// > commonly) the user password is blank, it is possible to bypass usage
+// > permissions completely.
+//
+// PDFio supports the following:
+//
+// - The original 40-bit RC4 (V2+R2) encryption for reading only
+// - 128-bit RC4 (V2+R3) encryption for reading and writing
+// - 128-bit AES (V4+R4) encryption for reading and writing
+// - TODO: 256-bit AES (V6+R6) encryption for reading and writing
+//
+// Common values:
+//
+// - "F" is the file encryption key (40 to 256 bits/5 to 32 bytes)
+// - "Fid" is the file ID string (stored in PDF file, 32 bytes)
+// - "O" is the owner key (stored in PDF file, 32 bytes)
+// - "Opad" is the padded owner password (32 bytes)
+// - "P" is the permissions integer (stored in PDF file)
+// - "P4" is the permissions integer as a 32-bit little-endian value
+// - "U" is the user key (stored in PDF file, 32 bytes)
+// - "Upad" is the padded user password (32 bytes)
+//
+// V2+R2 handler:
+//
+//   F = md5(Upad+O+P4+Fid)
+//   O = rc4(Upad, md5(Opad))
+//       (unlock with owner password)
+//       Upad = rc4(O, md5(Opad))
+//   U = rc4(md5(Upad+Fid)+0[16], F)
+//
+// V2+R3/V4+R4 handler:
+//
+//   F = md5(md5(Upad+O+P4+Fid))^50
+//   O = rc4(Upad, md5(md5(Opad))^50)^20
+//       (unlock with owner password)
+//       Upad = rc4(O, md5(md5(Opad))^50)^20
+//   U = rc4(md5(Upad+Fid)+0[16], F)^20
+//
+// V6+R6 handler:
+//
+//   TODO: document V6+R6 handler
+//   
+
+//
+// Local globals...
+//
+
+static uint8_t pdf_passpad[32] =	// Padding for passwords
+{
+  0x28, 0xbf, 0x4e, 0x5e, 0x4e, 0x75, 0x8a, 0x41,
+  0x64, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x56, 0xff, 0xfa, 0x01, 0x08,
+  0x2e, 0x2e, 0x00, 0xb6, 0xd0, 0x68, 0x3e, 0x80,
+  0x2f, 0x0c, 0xa9, 0xfe, 0x64, 0x53, 0x69, 0x7a
+};
+
+
+//
+// Local functions...
+//
+
+static void	decrypt_user_key(pdfio_encryption_t encryption, const uint8_t *file_key, uint8_t user_key[32]);
+static void	encrypt_user_key(pdfio_encryption_t encryption, const uint8_t *file_key, uint8_t user_key[32]);
+static void	make_file_key(pdfio_encryption_t encryption, pdfio_permission_t permissions, const unsigned char *file_id, size_t file_idlen, const uint8_t *user_pad, const uint8_t *owner_key, uint8_t file_key[16]);
+static void	make_owner_key(pdfio_encryption_t encryption, const uint8_t *owner_pad, const uint8_t *user_pad, uint8_t owner_key[32]);
+static void	make_user_key(pdfio_encryption_t encryption, const unsigned char *file_id, size_t file_idlen, uint8_t user_key[32]);
+static void	pad_password(const char *password, uint8_t pad[32]);
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoLock()' - Lock a PDF file by generating the encryption object and keys.
+//
+
+bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` otherwise
+_pdfioCryptoLock(
+    pdfio_file_t       *pdf,		// I - PDF file
+    pdfio_permission_t permissions,	// I - Use permissions
+    pdfio_encryption_t encryption,	// I - Type of encryption to use
+    const char         *owner_password,	// I - Owner password, if any
+    const char         *user_password)	// I - User password, if any
+{
+  pdfio_dict_t	*dict;			// Encryption dictionary
+  size_t	i, j;			// Looping vars
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			// MD5 context
+  uint8_t	digest[16];		// 128-bit MD5 digest
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4 encryption context
+  size_t	len;			// Length of password
+  uint8_t	owner_pad[32],		// Padded owner password
+		user_pad[32],		// Padded user password
+		perm_bytes[4],		// Permissions bytes
+		*file_id;		// File ID bytes
+  size_t	file_idlen;		// Length of file ID
+  pdfio_dict_t	*cf_dict,		// CF dictionary
+		*filter_dict;		// CryptFilter dictionary
+
+
+  if ((dict = pdfioDictCreate(pdf)) == NULL)
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to create encryption dictionary.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  pdfioDictSetName(dict, "Filter", "Standard");
+
+  switch (encryption)
+  {
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128 :
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128 :
+        // Create the 128-bit encryption keys...
+        pad_password(user_password, user_pad);
+
+        if (!owner_password && user_password && *user_password)
+        {
+	  // Generate a random owner password...
+	  _pdfioCryptoMakeRandom(owner_pad, sizeof(owner_pad));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	  // Use supplied owner password
+	  pad_password(owner_password, owner_pad);
+	}
+
+        // Compute the owner key...
+        make_owner_key(encryption, owner_pad, user_pad, pdf->owner_key);
+	pdf->owner_keylen = 32;
+
+        // Generate the encryption key
+        file_id = pdfioArrayGetBinary(pdf->id_array, 0, &file_idlen);
+
+        make_file_key(encryption, permissions, file_id, file_idlen, user_pad, pdf->owner_key, pdf->file_key);
+	pdf->file_keylen = 16;
+
+	// Generate the user key...
+	make_user_key(encryption, file_id, file_idlen, pdf->user_key);
+	encrypt_user_key(encryption, pdf->file_key, pdf->user_key);
+	pdf->user_keylen = 32;
+
+	// Save everything in the dictionary...
+	pdfioDictSetNumber(dict, "Length", 128);
+	pdfioDictSetBinary(dict, "O", pdf->owner_key, sizeof(pdf->owner_key));
+	pdfioDictSetNumber(dict, "P", (int)permissions);
+	pdfioDictSetNumber(dict, "R", encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128 ? 3 : 4);
+	pdfioDictSetNumber(dict, "V", encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128 ? 2 : 4);
+	pdfioDictSetBinary(dict, "U", pdf->user_key, sizeof(pdf->user_key));
+	
+        if (encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128)
+        {
+	  if ((cf_dict = pdfioDictCreate(pdf)) == NULL)
+	  {
+	    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to create Encryption CF dictionary.");
+	    return (false);
+	  }
+
+	  if ((filter_dict = pdfioDictCreate(pdf)) == NULL)
+	  {
+	    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to create Encryption CryptFilter dictionary.");
+	    return (false);
+	  }
+
+	  pdfioDictSetName(filter_dict, "Type", "CryptFilter");
+	  pdfioDictSetName(filter_dict, "CFM", encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128 ? "V2" : "AESV2");
+	  pdfioDictSetDict(cf_dict, "PDFio", filter_dict);
+	  pdfioDictSetDict(dict, "CF", cf_dict);
+	  pdfioDictSetName(dict, "StmF", "PDFio");
+	  pdfioDictSetName(dict, "StrF", "PDFio");
+	  pdfioDictSetBoolean(dict, "EncryptMetadata", true);
+	}
+	break;
+
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_256 :
+        // TODO: Implement AES-256 (/V 6 /R 6)
+
+    default :
+        _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Encryption mode %d not supported for writing.", (int)encryption);
+	return (false);
+  }
+
+  if ((pdf->encrypt_obj = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to create encryption object.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  pdfioObjClose(pdf->encrypt_obj);
+
+  pdf->encryption  = encryption;
+  pdf->permissions = permissions;
+
+  return (true);
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoMakeRandom()' - Fill a buffer with good random numbers.
+//
+
+void
+_pdfioCryptoMakeRandom(uint8_t *buffer,	// I - Buffer
+                       size_t  bytes)	// I - Number of bytes
+{
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+  // macOS/iOS provide the arc4random function which is seeded with entropy
+  // from the system...
+  while (bytes > 0)
+  {
+    // Just collect 8 bits from each call to fill the buffer...
+    *buffer++ = (uint8_t)arc4random();
+    bytes --;
+  }
+
+#else
+#  if _WIN32
+  // Windows provides the CryptGenRandom function...
+  HCRYPTPROV	prov;			// Cryptographic provider
+
+  if (CryptAcquireContextA(&prov, NULL, NULL, PROV_RSA_FULL, 0))
+  {
+    // Got the default crypto provider, try to get random data...
+    BOOL success = CryptGenRandom(prov, (DWORD)bytes, buffer);
+
+    // Release the crypto provider and return on success...
+    CryptReleaseContext(prov, 0);
+
+    if (success)
+      return;
+  }
+
+#  elif HAVE_GETRANDOM
+  // Linux provides a system call called getrandom that uses system entropy ...
+  ssize_t	rbytes;			// Bytes read
+
+  while (bytes > 0)
+  {
+    if ((rbytes = getrandom(buffer, bytes, 0)) < 0)
+    {
+      if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
+	break;
+    }
+    bytes -= (size_t)rbytes;
+    buffer += rbytes;
+  }
+
+  if (bytes == 0)
+    return;
+
+#  else
+  // Other UNIX-y systems have /dev/urandom...
+  int		fd;			// Random number file
+  ssize_t	rbytes;			// Bytes read
+
+
+  // Fall back on /dev/urandom...
+  if ((fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY)) >= 0)
+  {
+    while (bytes > 0)
+    {
+      if ((rbytes = read(fd, buffer, bytes)) < 0)
+      {
+        if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
+          break;
+      }
+      bytes -= (size_t)rbytes;
+      buffer += rbytes;
+    }
+
+    close(fd);
+
+    if (bytes == 0)
+      return;
+  }
+#  endif // _WIN32
+
+  // If we get here then we were unable to get enough random data or the local
+  // system doesn't have enough entropy.  Make some up...
+  uint32_t	i,			// Looping var
+		mt_state[624],		// Mersenne twister state
+		mt_index,		// Mersenne twister index
+		temp;			// Temporary value
+#  if _WIN32
+  struct _timeb curtime;		// Current time
+
+  _ftime(&curtime);
+  mt_state[0] = (uint32_t)(curtime.time + curtime.millitm);
+
+#  else
+  struct timeval curtime;		// Current time
+
+  gettimeofday(&curtime, NULL);
+  mt_state[0] = (uint32_t)(curtime.tv_sec + curtime.tv_usec);
+#  endif // _WIN32
+
+  // Seed the random number state...
+  mt_index = 0;
+
+  for (i = 1; i < 624; i ++)
+    mt_state[i] = (uint32_t)((1812433253 * (mt_state[i - 1] ^ (mt_state[i - 1] >> 30))) + i);
+
+  // Fill the buffer with random numbers...
+  while (bytes > 0)
+  {
+    if (mt_index == 0)
+    {
+      // Generate a sequence of random numbers...
+      uint32_t i1 = 1, i397 = 397;	// Looping vars
+
+      for (i = 0; i < 624; i ++)
+      {
+	temp        = (mt_state[i] & 0x80000000) + (mt_state[i1] & 0x7fffffff);
+	mt_state[i] = mt_state[i397] ^ (temp >> 1);
+
+	if (temp & 1)
+	  mt_state[i] ^= 2567483615u;
+
+	i1 ++;
+	i397 ++;
+
+	if (i1 == 624)
+	  i1 = 0;
+
+	if (i397 == 624)
+	  i397 = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Pull 32-bits of random data...
+    temp = mt_state[mt_index ++];
+    temp ^= temp >> 11;
+    temp ^= (temp << 7) & 2636928640u;
+    temp ^= (temp << 15) & 4022730752u;
+    temp ^= temp >> 18;
+
+    if (mt_index == 624)
+      mt_index = 0;
+
+    // Copy to the buffer...
+    switch (bytes)
+    {
+      case 1 :
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 24);
+          bytes --;
+          break;
+      case 2 :
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 24);
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 16);
+          bytes -= 2;
+          break;
+      case 3 :
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 24);
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 16);
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 8);
+          bytes -= 3;
+          break;
+      default :
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 24);
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 16);
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)(temp >> 8);
+          *buffer++ = (uint8_t)temp;
+          bytes -= 4;
+          break;
+    }
+  }
+#endif // __APPLE__
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoMakeReader()' - Setup a cryptographic context and callback for reading.
+//
+
+_pdfio_crypto_cb_t			// O  - Decryption callback or `NULL` for none
+ _pdfioCryptoMakeReader(
+     pdfio_file_t        *pdf,		// I  - PDF file
+     pdfio_obj_t         *obj,		// I  - PDF object
+     _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t *ctx,		// I  - Pointer to crypto context
+     uint8_t             *iv,		// I  - Buffer for initialization vector
+     size_t              *ivlen)	// IO - Size of initialization vector
+{
+  uint8_t	data[21];		/* Key data */
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			/* MD5 state */
+  uint8_t	digest[16];		/* MD5 digest value */
+
+
+  // Range check input...
+  if (!pdf)
+  {
+    *ivlen = 0;
+    return (NULL);
+  }
+
+  switch (pdf->encryption)
+  {
+    default :
+        *ivlen = 0;
+        return (NULL);
+
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128 :
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128 :
+	// Copy the key data for the MD5 hash.
+	memcpy(data, pdf->file_key, sizeof(pdf->file_key));
+	data[16] = (uint8_t)obj->number;
+	data[17] = (uint8_t)(obj->number >> 8);
+	data[18] = (uint8_t)(obj->number >> 16);
+	data[19] = (uint8_t)obj->generation;
+	data[20] = (uint8_t)(obj->generation >> 8);
+
+        // Hash it...
+        _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+	_pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, data, sizeof(data));
+	if (pdf->encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128)
+	  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, (const uint8_t *)"sAlT", 4);
+	_pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, digest);
+
+        // Initialize the RC4/AES context using the digest...
+        if (pdf->encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128)
+        {
+	  *ivlen = 0;
+          _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&ctx->rc4, digest, sizeof(digest));
+          return ((_pdfio_crypto_cb_t)_pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	  *ivlen = 16;
+          _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&ctx->aes, digest, sizeof(digest), iv);
+          return ((_pdfio_crypto_cb_t)_pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt);
+	}
+  }
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoMakeWriter()' - Setup a cryptographic context and callback for writing.
+//
+
+_pdfio_crypto_cb_t			// O  - Encryption callback or `NULL` for none
+ _pdfioCryptoMakeWriter(
+     pdfio_file_t        *pdf,		// I  - PDF file
+     pdfio_obj_t         *obj,		// I  - PDF object
+     _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t *ctx,		// I  - Pointer to crypto context
+     uint8_t             *iv,		// I  - Buffer for initialization vector
+     size_t              *ivlen)	// IO - Size of initialization vector
+{
+  uint8_t	data[21];		/* Key data */
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			/* MD5 state */
+  uint8_t	digest[16];		/* MD5 digest value */
+
+
+  // Range check input...
+  if (!pdf)
+  {
+    *ivlen = 0;
+    return (NULL);
+  }
+
+  switch (pdf->encryption)
+  {
+    default :
+        *ivlen = 0;
+        return (NULL);
+
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128 :
+    case PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128 :
+	// Copy the key data for the MD5 hash.
+	memcpy(data, pdf->file_key, sizeof(pdf->file_key));
+	data[16] = (uint8_t)obj->number;
+	data[17] = (uint8_t)(obj->number >> 8);
+	data[18] = (uint8_t)(obj->number >> 16);
+	data[19] = (uint8_t)obj->generation;
+	data[20] = (uint8_t)(obj->generation >> 8);
+
+        // Hash it...
+        _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+	_pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, data, sizeof(data));
+	if (pdf->encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128)
+	  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, (const uint8_t *)"sAlT", 4);
+	_pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, digest);
+
+        // Initialize the RC4/AES context using the digest...
+        if (pdf->encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128)
+        {
+	  *ivlen = 0;
+          _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&ctx->rc4, digest, sizeof(digest));
+          return ((_pdfio_crypto_cb_t)_pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	  *ivlen = 16;
+	  _pdfioCryptoMakeRandom(iv, *ivlen);
+          _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&ctx->aes, digest, sizeof(digest), iv);
+          return ((_pdfio_crypto_cb_t)_pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt);
+	}
+  }
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoUnlock()' - Unlock an encrypted PDF.
+//
+
+bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` otherwise
+_pdfioCryptoUnlock(
+    pdfio_file_t        *pdf,		// I - PDF file
+    pdfio_password_cb_t password_cb,	// I - Password callback or `NULL` for none
+    void                *password_data)	// I - Password callback data, if any
+{
+  int		tries;			// Number of tries
+  const char	*password = NULL;	// Password to try
+  pdfio_dict_t	*encrypt_dict;		// Encrypt objection dictionary
+  int		version,		// Version value
+		revision,		// Revision value
+		length;			// Key length value
+  const char	*handler,		// Security handler name
+		*stream_filter,		// Stream encryption filter
+		*string_filter;		// String encryption filter
+  pdfio_dict_t	*cf_dict;		// CryptFilters dictionary
+  unsigned char	*owner_key,		// Owner key
+		*user_key,		// User key
+		*file_id;		// File ID value
+  size_t	owner_keylen,		// Length of owner key
+		user_keylen,		// Length of user key
+		file_idlen;		// Length of file ID
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			// MD5 context
+  uint8_t	file_digest[16];	// MD5 digest of file ID and pad
+
+
+  // See if we support the type of encryption specified by the Encrypt object
+  // dictionary...
+  if ((encrypt_dict = pdfioObjGetDict(pdf->encrypt_obj)) == NULL)
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to get encryption dictionary.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  handler       = pdfioDictGetName(encrypt_dict, "Filter");
+  version       = pdfioDictGetNumber(encrypt_dict, "V");
+  revision      = pdfioDictGetNumber(encrypt_dict, "R");
+  length        = pdfioDictGetNumber(encrypt_dict, "Length");
+  stream_filter = pdfioDictGetName(encrypt_dict, "StmF");
+  string_filter = pdfioDictGetName(encrypt_dict, "StrF");
+  cf_dict       = pdfioDictGetDict(encrypt_dict, "CF");
+
+  if (!handler || strcmp(handler, "Standard"))
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unsupported security handler '%s'.", handler ? handler : "(null)");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  if (version == 4 && revision == 4)
+  {
+    // Lookup crypt filter to see if we support it...
+    pdfio_dict_t *filter;		// Crypt Filter
+    const char	*cfm;			// Crypt filter method
+
+    if ((filter = pdfioDictGetDict(cf_dict, stream_filter)) != NULL && (cfm = pdfioDictGetName(filter, "CFM")) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!strcmp(cfm, "V2"))
+      {
+        pdf->encryption = PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128;
+	if (length < 40 || length > 128)
+	  length = 128;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(cfm, "AESV2"))
+      {
+        pdf->encryption = PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128;
+        length = 128;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else if (version == 2)
+  {
+    if (revision == 2)
+    {
+      pdf->encryption = PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40;
+      length = 40;
+    }
+    else if (revision == 3)
+    {
+      pdf->encryption = PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128;
+      if (length < 40 || length > 128)
+        length = 128;
+    }
+  }
+  // TODO: Implement AES-256 - V6 R6
+
+  if (pdf->encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_NONE)
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unsupported encryption V%d R%d.", version, revision);
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  // Grab the remaining values we need to unlock the PDF...
+  pdf->file_keylen = length / 8;
+  pdf->permissions = pdfioDictGetNumber(encrypt_dict, "P");
+
+  owner_key = pdfioDictGetBinary(encrypt_dict, "O", &owner_keylen);
+  user_key  = pdfioDictGetBinary(encrypt_dict, "U", &user_keylen);
+
+  if (!owner_key || owner_keylen < 32 || owner_keylen > sizeof(pdf->owner_key))
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Missing or bad owner key, unable to unlock file.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  memcpy(pdf->owner_key, owner_key, owner_keylen);
+  pdf->owner_keylen = owner_keylen;
+
+  if (!user_key || user_keylen < 32 || user_keylen > sizeof(pdf->user_key))
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Missing or bad user key, unable to unlock file.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  memcpy(pdf->user_key, user_key, user_keylen);
+  pdf->user_keylen = user_keylen;
+
+  if ((file_id = pdfioArrayGetBinary(pdf->id_array, 0, &file_idlen)) == NULL || file_idlen < 16)
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Missing or bad file ID, unable to unlock file.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  // Generate a base hash from known values...
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, pdf_passpad, 32);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, file_id, file_idlen);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, file_digest);
+  
+  // Now try to unlock the PDF...
+  for (tries = 0; tries < 4; tries ++)
+  {
+    if (pdf->encryption <= PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128)
+    {
+      uint8_t	pad[32],		// Padded password
+		file_key[16],		// File key
+		owner_key[32],		// Owner key
+		user_pad[32],		// Padded user password
+		user_key[32],		// User key
+		pdf_user_key[32];	// Decrypted user key
+
+      // Pad the supplied password, if any...
+      pad_password(password, pad);
+
+      // Generate keys to see if things match...
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("\nTrying %02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", pad[0], pad[1], pad[2], pad[3], pad[28], pad[29], pad[30], pad[31]);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("P=%d\n", pdf->permissions);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Fid(%d)=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", (int)file_idlen, file_id[0], file_id[1], file_id[2], file_id[3], file_id[12], file_id[13], file_id[14], file_id[15]);
+
+      make_owner_key(pdf->encryption, pad, pdf->owner_key, user_pad);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Upad=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", user_pad[0], user_pad[1], user_pad[2], user_pad[3], user_pad[28], user_pad[29], user_pad[30], user_pad[31]);
+
+      make_file_key(pdf->encryption, pdf->permissions, file_id, file_idlen, user_pad, pdf->owner_key, file_key);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Fown=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", file_key[0], file_key[1], file_key[2], file_key[3], file_key[12], file_key[13], file_key[14], file_key[15]);
+
+      make_user_key(pdf->encryption, file_id, file_idlen, user_key);
+
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("U=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", pdf->user_key[0], pdf->user_key[1], pdf->user_key[2], pdf->user_key[3], pdf->user_key[28], pdf->user_key[29], pdf->user_key[30], pdf->user_key[31]);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Uown=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", user_key[0], user_key[1], user_key[2], user_key[3], user_key[28], user_key[29], user_key[30], user_key[31]);
+
+      if (!memcmp(user_key, pdf->user_key, sizeof(user_key)))
+      {
+        // Matches!
+        memcpy(pdf->file_key, file_key, sizeof(pdf->file_key));
+        return (true);
+      }
+
+     /*
+      * Not the owner password, try the user password...
+      */
+
+      make_file_key(pdf->encryption, pdf->permissions, file_id, file_idlen, pad, pdf->owner_key, file_key);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Fuse=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", file_key[0], file_key[1], file_key[2], file_key[3], file_key[12], file_key[13], file_key[14], file_key[15]);
+
+      make_user_key(pdf->encryption, file_id, file_idlen, user_key);
+
+      memcpy(pdf_user_key, pdf->user_key, sizeof(pdf_user_key));
+      decrypt_user_key(pdf->encryption, file_key, pdf_user_key);
+
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Uuse=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", user_key[0], user_key[1], user_key[2], user_key[3], user_key[28], user_key[29], user_key[30], user_key[31]);
+      PDFIO_DEBUG("Updf=%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", pdf_user_key[0], pdf_user_key[1], pdf_user_key[2], pdf_user_key[3], pdf_user_key[28], pdf_user_key[29], pdf_user_key[30], pdf_user_key[31]);
+
+      if (!memcmp(user_key, pdf_user_key, 16))
+      {
+        // Matches!
+        memcpy(pdf->file_key, file_key, sizeof(pdf->file_key));
+        return (true);
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      // TODO: Implement AES-256 security handler
+    }
+
+    // If we get here we need to try another password...
+    if (password_cb)
+      password = (password_cb)(password_data, pdf->filename);
+
+    if (!password)
+      break;
+  }
+
+  _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to unlock PDF file.");
+
+  return (false);
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'decrypt_user_key()' - Decrypt the user key.
+//
+
+static void
+decrypt_user_key(
+    pdfio_encryption_t encryption,	// I  - Type of encryption
+    const uint8_t      *file_key,	// I  - File encryption key
+    uint8_t            user_key[32])	// IO - User key
+{
+  size_t	i, j;			// Looping vars
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4 encryption context
+
+
+  if (encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40)
+  {
+    // Encrypt the result once...
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, file_key, 5);
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, user_key, user_key, 32);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // Encrypt the result 20 times...
+    uint8_t	key[16];		// Current encryption key
+
+    for (i = 19; i > 0; i --)
+    {
+      // XOR each byte in the key with the loop counter...
+      for (j = 0; j < 16; j ++)
+	key[j] = (uint8_t)(file_key[j] ^ i);
+
+      _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, key, 16);
+      _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, user_key, user_key, 32);
+    }
+
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, file_key, 16);
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, user_key, user_key, 32);
+  }
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'encrypt_user_key()' - Encrypt the user key.
+//
+
+static void
+encrypt_user_key(
+    pdfio_encryption_t encryption,	// I  - Type of encryption
+    const uint8_t      *file_key,	// I  - File encryption key
+    uint8_t            user_key[32])	// IO - User key
+{
+  size_t	i, j;			// Looping vars
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4 encryption context
+
+
+  if (encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40)
+  {
+    // Encrypt the result once...
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, file_key, 5);
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, user_key, user_key, 32);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // Encrypt the result 20 times...
+    uint8_t	key[16];		// Current encryption key
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 20; i ++)
+    {
+      // XOR each byte in the key with the loop counter...
+      for (j = 0; j < 16; j ++)
+	key[j] = (uint8_t)(file_key[j] ^ i);
+
+      _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, key, 16);
+      _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, user_key, user_key, 32);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'make_file_key()' - Make the file encryption key.
+//
+
+static void
+make_file_key(
+    pdfio_encryption_t  encryption,	// I - Type of encryption
+    pdfio_permission_t  permissions,	// I - File permissions
+    const unsigned char *file_id,	// I - File ID value
+    size_t              file_idlen,	// I - Length of file ID
+    const uint8_t       *user_pad,	// I - Padded user password
+    const uint8_t       *owner_key,	// I - Owner key
+    uint8_t             file_key[16])	// O - Encryption key
+{
+  size_t	i, j;			// Looping vars
+  uint8_t	perm_bytes[4];		// Permissions bytes
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			// MD5 context
+  uint8_t	digest[16];		// 128-bit MD5 digest
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4 encryption context
+
+
+  perm_bytes[0] = (uint8_t)permissions;
+  perm_bytes[1] = (uint8_t)(permissions >> 8);
+  perm_bytes[2] = (uint8_t)(permissions >> 16);
+  perm_bytes[3] = (uint8_t)(permissions >> 24);
+
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, user_pad, 32);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, owner_key, 32);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, perm_bytes, 4);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, file_id, file_idlen);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, digest);
+
+  if (encryption != PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40)
+  {
+    // MD5 the result 50 times..
+    for (i = 0; i < 50; i ++)
+    {
+      _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+      _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, digest, 16);
+      _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, digest);
+    }
+  }
+
+  memcpy(file_key, digest, 16);
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'make_owner_key()' - Generate the (encrypted) owner key...
+//
+
+static void
+make_owner_key(
+    pdfio_encryption_t encryption,	// I - Type of encryption
+    const uint8_t      *owner_pad,	// I - Padded owner password
+    const uint8_t      *user_pad,	// I - Padded user password
+    uint8_t            owner_key[32])	// O - Owner key value
+{
+  size_t	i, j;			// Looping vars
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			// MD5 context
+  uint8_t	digest[16];		// 128-bit MD5 digest
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4 encryption context
+
+
+  // Hash the owner password...
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, owner_pad, 32);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, digest);
+
+  if (encryption != PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40)
+  {
+    for (i = 0; i < 50; i ++)
+    {
+      _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+      _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, digest, 16);
+      _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, digest);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Copy and encrypt the padded user password...
+  memcpy(owner_key, user_pad, 32);
+
+  if (encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40)
+  {
+    // Encrypt once...
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, digest, 5);
+    _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, owner_key, owner_key, 32);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // Encrypt 20 times...
+    uint8_t encrypt_key[16];		// RC4 encryption key
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 20; i ++)
+    {
+      // XOR each byte in the digest with the loop counter to make a key...
+      for (j = 0; j < sizeof(encrypt_key); j ++)
+	encrypt_key[j] = (uint8_t)(digest[j] ^ i);
+
+      _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, encrypt_key, sizeof(encrypt_key));
+      _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, owner_key, owner_key, 32);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'make_user_key()' - Make the user key.
+//
+
+static void
+make_user_key(
+    pdfio_encryption_t  encryption,	// I - Type of encryption
+    const unsigned char *file_id,	// I - File ID value
+    size_t              file_idlen,	// I - Length of file ID
+    uint8_t             user_key[32])	// O - User key
+{
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			// MD5 context
+  uint8_t	digest[16];		// 128-bit MD5 digest
+
+
+  // Generate a base hash from known values...
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, pdf_passpad, 32);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, file_id, file_idlen);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, user_key);
+
+  memset(user_key + 16, 0, 16);
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'pad_password()' - Generate a padded password.
+//
+
+static void
+pad_password(const char *password,	// I - Password string or `NULL`
+             uint8_t    pad[32])	// O - Padded password
+{
+  size_t	len;			// Length of password
+
+
+  if (password)
+  {
+    // Use the specified password
+    if ((len = strlen(password)) > 32)
+      len = 32;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // No password
+    len = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (len > 0)
+    memcpy(pad, password, len);
+  if (len < 32)
+    memcpy(pad + len, pdf_passpad, 32 - len);
+}

pdfio-dict.c

@@ -21,6 +21,39 @@
 static int	compare_pairs(_pdfio_pair_t *a, _pdfio_pair_t *b);
 
 
+//
+// '_pdfioDictClear()' - Remove a key/value pair from a dictionary.
+//
+
+void
+_pdfioDictClear(pdfio_dict_t *dict,	// I - Dictionary
+                const char   *key)	// I - Key
+{
+  size_t	idx;			// Index into pairs
+  _pdfio_pair_t	*pair,			// Current pair
+		pkey;			// Search key
+
+
+  PDFIO_DEBUG("_pdfioDictClear(dict=%p, key=\"%s\")\n", dict, key);
+
+  // See if the key is already set...
+  if (dict->num_pairs > 0)
+  {
+    pkey.key = key;
+
+    if ((pair = (_pdfio_pair_t *)bsearch(&pkey, dict->pairs, dict->num_pairs, sizeof(_pdfio_pair_t), (int (*)(const void *, const void *))compare_pairs)) != NULL)
+    {
+      // Yes, remove it...
+      idx = (size_t)(pair - dict->pairs);
+      dict->num_pairs --;
+
+      if (idx < dict->num_pairs)
+        memmove(pair, pair + 1, (dict->num_pairs - idx) * sizeof(_pdfio_pair_t));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
 //
 // 'pdfioDictCopy()' - Copy a dictionary to a PDF file.
 //
@@ -420,6 +453,7 @@ _pdfioDictGetValue(pdfio_dict_t *dict,	// I - Dictionary
 
 pdfio_dict_t *				// O - New dictionary
 _pdfioDictRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
+               pdfio_obj_t    *obj,	// I - Object, if any
                _pdfio_token_t *tb)	// I - Token buffer/stack
 {
   pdfio_dict_t		*dict;		// New dictionary
@@ -448,7 +482,7 @@ _pdfioDictRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
     }
 
     // Then get the next value...
-    if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, tb, &value))
+    if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, obj, tb, &value))
     {
       _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Missing value for dictionary key.");
       break;
@@ -850,6 +884,7 @@ _pdfioDictSetValue(
 
 bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` on failure
 _pdfioDictWrite(pdfio_dict_t *dict,	// I - Dictionary
+		pdfio_obj_t  *obj,	// I - Object, if any
                 off_t        *length)	// I - Offset to length value
 {
   pdfio_file_t	*pdf = dict->pdf;	// PDF file
@@ -877,7 +912,7 @@ _pdfioDictWrite(pdfio_dict_t *dict,	// I - Dictionary
       if (!_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, " 9999999999"))
         return (false);
     }
-    else if (!_pdfioValueWrite(pdf, &pair->value, NULL))
+    else if (!_pdfioValueWrite(pdf, obj, &pair->value, NULL))
       return (false);
   }
 

pdfio-file.c

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ static int		compare_objmaps(_pdfio_objmap_t *a, _pdfio_objmap_t *b);
 static int		compare_objs(pdfio_obj_t **a, pdfio_obj_t **b);
 static bool		load_obj_stream(pdfio_obj_t *obj);
 static bool		load_pages(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj);
-static bool		load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf, off_t xref_offset);
+static bool		load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf, off_t xref_offset, pdfio_password_cb_t password_cb, void *password_data);
 static bool		write_catalog(pdfio_file_t *pdf);
 static bool		write_pages(pdfio_file_t *pdf);
 static bool		write_trailer(pdfio_file_t *pdf);
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pdfioFileClose(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
   {
     ret = false;
 
-    if (pdfioObjClose(pdf->info))
+    if (pdfioObjClose(pdf->info_obj))
       if (write_pages(pdf))
 	if (write_catalog(pdf))
 	  if (write_trailer(pdf))
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ pdfioFileCreate(
   pdfio_file_t	*pdf;			// PDF file
   pdfio_dict_t	*dict;			// Dictionary for pages object
   pdfio_dict_t	*info_dict;		// Dictionary for information object
+  unsigned char	id_value[16];		// File ID value
 
 
   // Range check input...
@@ -220,13 +221,14 @@ pdfioFileCreate(
     return (NULL);
   }
 
-  pdf->filename   = strdup(filename);
+  pdf->filename    = strdup(filename);
-  pdf->version    = strdup(version);
+  pdf->version     = strdup(version);
-  pdf->mode       = _PDFIO_MODE_WRITE;
+  pdf->mode        = _PDFIO_MODE_WRITE;
-  pdf->error_cb   = error_cb;
+  pdf->error_cb    = error_cb;
-  pdf->error_data = error_data;
+  pdf->error_data  = error_data;
-  pdf->bufptr     = pdf->buffer;
+  pdf->permissions = PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL;
-  pdf->bufend     = pdf->buffer + sizeof(pdf->buffer);
+  pdf->bufptr      = pdf->buffer;
+  pdf->bufend      = pdf->buffer + sizeof(pdf->buffer);
 
   if (media_box)
   {
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ pdfioFileCreate(
 
   pdfioDictSetName(dict, "Type", "Pages");
 
-  if ((pdf->pages_root = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
+  if ((pdf->pages_obj = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
   {
     pdfioFileClose(pdf);
     unlink(filename);
@@ -296,13 +298,22 @@ pdfioFileCreate(
   pdfioDictSetDate(info_dict, "CreationDate", time(NULL));
   pdfioDictSetString(info_dict, "Producer", "pdfio/" PDFIO_VERSION);
 
-  if ((pdf->info = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, info_dict)) == NULL)
+  if ((pdf->info_obj = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, info_dict)) == NULL)
   {
     pdfioFileClose(pdf);
     unlink(filename);
     return (NULL);
   }
 
+  // Create random file ID values...
+  _pdfioCryptoMakeRandom(id_value, sizeof(id_value));
+
+  if ((pdf->id_array = pdfioArrayCreate(pdf)) != NULL)
+  {
+    pdfioArrayAppendBinary(pdf->id_array, id_value, sizeof(id_value));
+    pdfioArrayAppendBinary(pdf->id_array, id_value, sizeof(id_value));
+  }
+
   return (pdf);
 }
 
@@ -458,6 +469,7 @@ pdfioFileCreateOutput(
   pdfio_file_t	*pdf;			// PDF file
   pdfio_dict_t	*dict;			// Dictionary for pages object
   pdfio_dict_t	*info_dict;		// Dictionary for information object
+  unsigned char	id_value[16];		// File ID value
 
 
   // Range check input...
@@ -485,13 +497,14 @@ pdfioFileCreateOutput(
     return (NULL);
   }
 
-  pdf->filename   = strdup("output.pdf");
+  pdf->filename    = strdup("output.pdf");
-  pdf->version    = strdup(version);
+  pdf->version     = strdup(version);
-  pdf->mode       = _PDFIO_MODE_WRITE;
+  pdf->mode        = _PDFIO_MODE_WRITE;
-  pdf->error_cb   = error_cb;
+  pdf->error_cb    = error_cb;
-  pdf->error_data = error_data;
+  pdf->error_data  = error_data;
-  pdf->bufptr     = pdf->buffer;
+  pdf->permissions = PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL;
-  pdf->bufend     = pdf->buffer + sizeof(pdf->buffer);
+  pdf->bufptr      = pdf->buffer;
+  pdf->bufend      = pdf->buffer + sizeof(pdf->buffer);
 
   if (media_box)
   {
@@ -536,7 +549,7 @@ pdfioFileCreateOutput(
 
   pdfioDictSetName(dict, "Type", "Pages");
 
-  if ((pdf->pages_root = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
+  if ((pdf->pages_obj = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
   {
     pdfioFileClose(pdf);
     return (NULL);
@@ -552,12 +565,21 @@ pdfioFileCreateOutput(
   pdfioDictSetDate(info_dict, "CreationDate", time(NULL));
   pdfioDictSetString(info_dict, "Producer", "pdfio/" PDFIO_VERSION);
 
-  if ((pdf->info = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, info_dict)) == NULL)
+  if ((pdf->info_obj = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, info_dict)) == NULL)
   {
     pdfioFileClose(pdf);
     return (NULL);
   }
 
+  // Create random file ID values...
+  _pdfioCryptoMakeRandom(id_value, sizeof(id_value));
+
+  if ((pdf->id_array = pdfioArrayCreate(pdf)) != NULL)
+  {
+    pdfioArrayAppendBinary(pdf->id_array, id_value, sizeof(id_value));
+    pdfioArrayAppendBinary(pdf->id_array, id_value, sizeof(id_value));
+  }
+
   return (pdf);
 }
 
@@ -595,7 +617,7 @@ pdfioFileCreatePage(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
   if (!_pdfioDictGetValue(dict, "MediaBox"))
     pdfioDictSetRect(dict, "MediaBox", &pdf->media_box);
 
-  pdfioDictSetObj(dict, "Parent", pdf->pages_root);
+  pdfioDictSetObj(dict, "Parent", pdf->pages_obj);
 
   if (!_pdfioDictGetValue(dict, "Resources"))
     pdfioDictSetDict(dict, "Resources", pdfioDictCreate(pdf));
@@ -701,7 +723,7 @@ pdfioFileFindObj(
 const char *				// O - Author or `NULL` for none
 pdfioFileGetAuthor(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Author") : NULL);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Author") : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -713,7 +735,7 @@ time_t					// O - Creation date or `0` for none
 pdfioFileGetCreationDate(
     pdfio_file_t *pdf)			// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetDate(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "CreationDate") : 0);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetDate(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "CreationDate") : 0);
 }
 
 
@@ -724,7 +746,7 @@ pdfioFileGetCreationDate(
 const char *				// O - Creator string or `NULL` for none
 pdfioFileGetCreator(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Creator") : NULL);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Creator") : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -735,7 +757,7 @@ pdfioFileGetCreator(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 pdfio_array_t *				// O - Array with binary strings
 pdfioFileGetID(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetArray(pdf->trailer, "ID") : NULL);
+  return (pdf ? pdf->id_array : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -746,7 +768,7 @@ pdfioFileGetID(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 const char *				// O - Keywords string or `NULL` for none
 pdfioFileGetKeywords(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Keywords") : NULL);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Keywords") : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -814,6 +836,35 @@ pdfioFileGetPage(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 }
 
 
+//
+// 'pdfioFileGetPermissions()' - Get the access permissions of a PDF file.
+//
+// This function returns the access permissions of a PDF file and (optionally)
+// the type of encryption that has been used.
+//
+
+pdfio_permission_t			// O - Permission bits
+pdfioFileGetPermissions(
+    pdfio_file_t       *pdf,		// I - PDF file
+    pdfio_encryption_t *encryption)	// O - Type of encryption used or `NULL` to ignore
+{
+  // Range check input...
+  if (!pdf)
+  {
+    if (encryption)
+      *encryption = PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_NONE;
+
+    return (PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL);
+  }
+
+  // Return values...
+  if (encryption)
+    *encryption = pdf->encryption;
+
+  return (pdf->permissions);
+}
+
+
 //
 // 'pdfioFileGetProducer()' - Get the producer string for a PDF file.
 //
@@ -821,7 +872,7 @@ pdfioFileGetPage(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 const char *				// O - Producer string or `NULL` for none
 pdfioFileGetProducer(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Producer") : NULL);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Producer") : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -832,7 +883,7 @@ pdfioFileGetProducer(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 const char *				// O - Subject or `NULL` for none
 pdfioFileGetSubject(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Subject") : NULL);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Subject") : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -843,7 +894,7 @@ pdfioFileGetSubject(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 const char *				// O - Title or `NULL` for none
 pdfioFileGetTitle(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
 {
-  return (pdf && pdf->info ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Title") : NULL);
+  return (pdf && pdf->info_obj ? pdfioDictGetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Title") : NULL);
 }
 
 
@@ -890,9 +941,6 @@ pdfioFileOpen(
   off_t		xref_offset;		// Offset to xref table
 
 
-  (void)password_cb;
-  (void)password_data;
-
   // Range check input...
   if (!filename)
     return (NULL);
@@ -915,10 +963,11 @@ pdfioFileOpen(
     return (NULL);
   }
 
-  pdf->filename   = strdup(filename);
+  pdf->filename    = strdup(filename);
-  pdf->mode       = _PDFIO_MODE_READ;
+  pdf->mode        = _PDFIO_MODE_READ;
-  pdf->error_cb   = error_cb;
+  pdf->error_cb    = error_cb;
-  pdf->error_data = error_data;
+  pdf->error_data  = error_data;
+  pdf->permissions = PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL;
 
   // Open the file...
   if ((pdf->fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY)) < 0)
@@ -965,7 +1014,7 @@ pdfioFileOpen(
 
   xref_offset = (off_t)strtol(ptr + 9, NULL, 10);
 
-  if (!load_xref(pdf, xref_offset))
+  if (!load_xref(pdf, xref_offset, password_cb, password_data))
     goto error;
 
   return (pdf);
@@ -988,8 +1037,8 @@ void
 pdfioFileSetAuthor(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
                    const char   *value)	// I - Value
 {
-  if (pdf && pdf->info)
+  if (pdf && pdf->info_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Author", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
+    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Author", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
 }
 
 
@@ -1002,8 +1051,8 @@ pdfioFileSetCreationDate(
     pdfio_file_t *pdf,			// I - PDF file
     time_t       value)			// I - Value
 {
-  if (pdf && pdf->info)
+  if (pdf && pdf->info_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetDate(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "CreationDate", value);
+    pdfioDictSetDate(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "CreationDate", value);
 }
 
 
@@ -1015,8 +1064,8 @@ void
 pdfioFileSetCreator(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
                     const char   *value)// I - Value
 {
-  if (pdf && pdf->info)
+  if (pdf && pdf->info_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Creator", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
+    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Creator", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
 }
 
 
@@ -1029,8 +1078,44 @@ pdfioFileSetKeywords(
     pdfio_file_t *pdf,			// I - PDF file
     const char   *value)		// I - Value
 {
-  if (pdf && pdf->info)
+  if (pdf && pdf->info_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Keywords", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
+    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Keywords", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
+}
+
+
+//
+// 'pdfioFileSetPermissions()' - Set the PDF permissions, encryption mode, and passwords.
+//
+// This function sets the PDF usage permissions, encryption mode, and
+// passwords.
+//
+// > *Note*: This function must be called before creating or copying any
+// > objects.  Due to fundamental limitations in the PDF format, PDF encryption
+// > offers little protection from disclosure.  Permissions are not enforced in
+// > any meaningful way.
+//
+
+bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` otherwise
+pdfioFileSetPermissions(
+    pdfio_file_t       *pdf,		// I - PDF file
+    pdfio_permission_t permissions,	// I - Use permissions
+    pdfio_encryption_t encryption,	// I - Type of encryption to use
+    const char         *owner_password,	// I - Owner password, if any
+    const char         *user_password)	// I - User password, if any
+{
+  if (!pdf)
+    return (false);
+
+  if (pdf->num_objs > 2)		// First two objects are pages and info
+  {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "You must call pdfioFileSetPermissions before adding any objects.");
+    return (false);
+  }
+
+  if (encryption == PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_NONE)
+    return (true);
+
+  return (_pdfioCryptoLock(pdf, permissions, encryption, owner_password, user_password));
 }
 
 
@@ -1039,11 +1124,12 @@ pdfioFileSetKeywords(
 //
 
 void
-pdfioFileSetSubject(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
+pdfioFileSetSubject(
-                   const char    *value)// I - Value
+    pdfio_file_t *pdf,			// I - PDF file
+    const char   *value)		// I - Value
 {
-  if (pdf && pdf->info)
+  if (pdf && pdf->info_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Subject", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
+    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Subject", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
 }
 
 
@@ -1055,8 +1141,8 @@ void
 pdfioFileSetTitle(pdfio_file_t *pdf,	// I - PDF file
                   const char   *value)	// I - Value
 {
-  if (pdf && pdf->info)
+  if (pdf && pdf->info_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info->value.value.dict, "Title", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
+    pdfioDictSetString(pdf->info_obj->value.value.dict, "Title", pdfioStringCreate(pdf, value));
 }
 
 
@@ -1226,7 +1312,7 @@ load_obj_stream(pdfio_obj_t *obj)	// I - Object to load
   // Read the objects themselves...
   for (cur_obj = 0; cur_obj < num_objs; cur_obj ++)
   {
-    if (!_pdfioValueRead(obj->pdf, &tb, &(objs[cur_obj]->value)))
+    if (!_pdfioValueRead(obj->pdf, obj, &tb, &(objs[cur_obj]->value)))
     {
       pdfioStreamClose(st);
       return (false);
@@ -1313,8 +1399,11 @@ load_pages(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
 //
 
 static bool				// O - `true` on success, `false` on failure
-load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
+load_xref(
-          off_t        xref_offset)	// I - Offset to xref
+    pdfio_file_t        *pdf,		// I - PDF file
+    off_t               xref_offset,	// I - Offset to xref
+    pdfio_password_cb_t password_cb,	// I - Password callback or `NULL` for none
+    void                *password_data)	// I - Password callback data, if any
 {
   bool		done = false;		// Are we done?
   char		line[1024],		// Line from file
@@ -1404,7 +1493,7 @@ load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
 
       _pdfioTokenInit(&tb, pdf, (_pdfio_tconsume_cb_t)_pdfioFileConsume, (_pdfio_tpeek_cb_t)_pdfioFilePeek, pdf);
 
-      if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, &tb, &trailer))
+      if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, obj, &tb, &trailer))
       {
         _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to read cross-reference stream dictionary.");
         return (false);
@@ -1414,12 +1503,6 @@ load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
 	_pdfioFileError(pdf, "Cross-reference stream does not have a dictionary.");
 	return (false);
       }
-      else if (_pdfioDictGetValue(pdf->trailer, "Encrypt"))
-      {
-	// Encryption not yet supported...
-	_pdfioFileError(pdf, "Sorry, PDFio currently does not support encrypted PDF files.");
-	return (false);
-      }
 
       obj->value = trailer;
 
@@ -1554,6 +1637,20 @@ load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
 
       pdfioStreamClose(st);
 
+      if (!pdf->trailer_dict)
+      {
+	// Save the trailer dictionary and grab the root (catalog) and info
+	// objects...
+	pdf->trailer_dict = trailer.value.dict;
+	pdf->info_obj     = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Info");
+	pdf->encrypt_obj  = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Encrypt");
+	pdf->id_array     = pdfioDictGetArray(pdf->trailer_dict, "ID");
+
+	// If the trailer contains an Encrypt key, try unlocking the file...
+	if (pdf->encrypt_obj && !_pdfioCryptoUnlock(pdf, password_cb, password_data))
+	  return (false);
+      }
+
       // Load any object streams that are left...
       PDFIO_DEBUG("load_xref: %lu compressed object streams to load.\n", (unsigned long)num_sobjs);
 
@@ -1651,7 +1748,7 @@ load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
 
       _pdfioTokenInit(&tb, pdf, (_pdfio_tconsume_cb_t)_pdfioFileConsume, (_pdfio_tpeek_cb_t)_pdfioFilePeek, pdf);
 
-      if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, &tb, &trailer))
+      if (!_pdfioValueRead(pdf, NULL, &tb, &trailer))
       {
 	_pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to read trailer dictionary.");
 	return (false);
@@ -1661,14 +1758,22 @@ load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
 	_pdfioFileError(pdf, "Trailer is not a dictionary.");
 	return (false);
       }
-      else if (_pdfioDictGetValue(pdf->trailer, "Encrypt"))
-      {
-	// Encryption not yet supported...
-	_pdfioFileError(pdf, "Sorry, PDFio currently does not support encrypted PDF files.");
-	return (false);
-      }
 
       _pdfioTokenFlush(&tb);
+
+      if (!pdf->trailer_dict)
+      {
+	// Save the trailer dictionary and grab the root (catalog) and info
+	// objects...
+	pdf->trailer_dict = trailer.value.dict;
+	pdf->info_obj     = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Info");
+	pdf->encrypt_obj  = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Encrypt");
+	pdf->id_array     = pdfioDictGetArray(pdf->trailer_dict, "ID");
+
+	// If the trailer contains an Encrypt key, try unlocking the file...
+	if (pdf->encrypt_obj && !_pdfioCryptoUnlock(pdf, password_cb, password_data))
+	  return (false);
+      }
     }
     else
     {
@@ -1681,32 +1786,21 @@ load_xref(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
     PDFIO_DEBUG_VALUE(&trailer);
     PDFIO_DEBUG("\n");
 
-    if (!pdf->trailer)
-    {
-      // Save the trailer dictionary and grab the root (catalog) and info
-      // objects...
-      pdf->trailer = trailer.value.dict;
-    }
-
     if ((xref_offset = (off_t)pdfioDictGetNumber(trailer.value.dict, "Prev")) <= 0)
       done = true;
   }
 
   // Once we have all of the xref tables loaded, get the important objects and
   // build the pages array...
-  if ((pdf->root = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer, "Root")) == NULL)
+  if ((pdf->root_obj = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Root")) == NULL)
   {
     _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Missing Root object.");
     return (false);
   }
 
-  PDFIO_DEBUG("load_xref: Root=%p(%lu)\n", pdf->root, (unsigned long)pdf->root->number);
+  PDFIO_DEBUG("load_xref: Root=%p(%lu)\n", pdf->root_obj, (unsigned long)pdf->root_obj->number);
 
-  pdf->info     = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer, "Info");
+  return (load_pages(pdf, pdfioDictGetObj(pdfioObjGetDict(pdf->root_obj), "Pages")));
-  pdf->encrypt  = pdfioDictGetObj(pdf->trailer, "Encrypt");
-  pdf->id_array = pdfioDictGetArray(pdf->trailer, "ID");
-
-  return (load_pages(pdf, pdfioDictGetObj(pdfioObjGetDict(pdf->root), "Pages")));
 }
 
 
@@ -1724,13 +1818,13 @@ write_catalog(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
     return (false);
 
   pdfioDictSetName(dict, "Type", "Catalog");
-  pdfioDictSetObj(dict, "Pages", pdf->pages_root);
+  pdfioDictSetObj(dict, "Pages", pdf->pages_obj);
   // TODO: Add support for all of the root object dictionary keys
 
-  if ((pdf->root = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
+  if ((pdf->root_obj = pdfioFileCreateObj(pdf, dict)) == NULL)
     return (false);
   else
-    return (pdfioObjClose(pdf->root));
+    return (pdfioObjClose(pdf->root_obj));
 }
 
 
@@ -1752,11 +1846,11 @@ write_pages(pdfio_file_t *pdf)		// I - PDF file
   for (i = 0; i < pdf->num_pages; i ++)
     pdfioArrayAppendObj(kids, pdf->pages[i]);
 
-  pdfioDictSetNumber(pdf->pages_root->value.value.dict, "Count", pdf->num_pages);
+  pdfioDictSetNumber(pdf->pages_obj->value.value.dict, "Count", pdf->num_pages);
-  pdfioDictSetArray(pdf->pages_root->value.value.dict, "Kids", kids);
+  pdfioDictSetArray(pdf->pages_obj->value.value.dict, "Kids", kids);
 
   // Write the Pages object...
-  return (pdfioObjClose(pdf->pages_root));
+  return (pdfioObjClose(pdf->pages_obj));
 }
 
 
@@ -1770,8 +1864,6 @@ write_trailer(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
   bool		ret = true;		// Return value
   off_t		xref_offset;		// Offset to xref table
   size_t	i;			// Looping var
-  int		fd;			// File for /dev/urandom
-  unsigned char	id_values[2][16];	// ID array values
 
 
   // Write the xref table...
@@ -1805,34 +1897,22 @@ write_trailer(pdfio_file_t *pdf)	// I - PDF file
     goto done;
   }
 
-  if ((fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY)) >= 0)
+  if ((pdf->trailer_dict = pdfioDictCreate(pdf)) == NULL)
-  {
-    // Load ID array with random values from /dev/urandom...
-    if (read(fd, id_values[0], sizeof(id_values[0])) == (ssize_t)sizeof(id_values[0]) && read(fd, id_values[1], sizeof(id_values[1])) == (ssize_t)sizeof(id_values[1]))
-    {
-      pdf->id_array = pdfioArrayCreate(pdf);
-      pdfioArrayAppendBinary(pdf->id_array, id_values[0], sizeof(id_values[0]));
-      pdfioArrayAppendBinary(pdf->id_array, id_values[1], sizeof(id_values[1]));
-    }
-
-    close(fd);
-  }
-
-  if ((pdf->trailer = pdfioDictCreate(pdf)) == NULL)
   {
+    _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to create trailer.");
     ret = false;
     goto done;
   }
 
-  if (pdf->encrypt)
+  if (pdf->encrypt_obj)
-    pdfioDictSetObj(pdf->trailer, "Encrypt", pdf->encrypt);
+    pdfioDictSetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Encrypt", pdf->encrypt_obj);
   if (pdf->id_array)
-    pdfioDictSetArray(pdf->trailer, "ID", pdf->id_array);
+    pdfioDictSetArray(pdf->trailer_dict, "ID", pdf->id_array);
-  pdfioDictSetObj(pdf->trailer, "Info", pdf->info);
+  pdfioDictSetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Info", pdf->info_obj);
-  pdfioDictSetObj(pdf->trailer, "Root", pdf->root);
+  pdfioDictSetObj(pdf->trailer_dict, "Root", pdf->root_obj);
-  pdfioDictSetNumber(pdf->trailer, "Size", pdf->num_objs + 1);
+  pdfioDictSetNumber(pdf->trailer_dict, "Size", pdf->num_objs + 1);
 
-  if (!_pdfioDictWrite(pdf->trailer, NULL))
+  if (!_pdfioDictWrite(pdf->trailer_dict, NULL, NULL))
   {
     _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to write trailer.");
     ret = false;

pdfio-md5.c

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+//
+// MD5 functions for PDFio.
+//
+// Copyright © 2021 by Michael R Sweet.
+// Copyright © 1999 Aladdin Enterprises.  All rights reserved.
+//
+// This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+// warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+// arising from the use of this software.
+//
+// Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+// including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+// freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+//
+// 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+//    claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+//    in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+//    appreciated but is not required.
+// 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+//    misrepresented as being the original software.
+// 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+//
+// L. Peter Deutsch
+// ghost@aladdin.com
+//
+
+#include "pdfio-private.h"
+
+
+/*
+  Independent implementation of MD5 (RFC 1321).
+
+  This code implements the MD5 Algorithm defined in RFC 1321.
+  It is derived directly from the text of the RFC and not from the
+  reference implementation.
+
+  The original and principal author of md5.c is L. Peter Deutsch
+  <ghost@aladdin.com>.  Other authors are noted in the change history
+  that follows (in reverse chronological order):
+
+  1999-11-04 lpd Edited comments slightly for automatic TOC extraction.
+  1999-10-18 lpd Fixed typo in header comment (ansi2knr rather than md5).
+  1999-05-03 lpd Original version.
+ */
+
+#define T1 0xd76aa478
+#define T2 0xe8c7b756
+#define T3 0x242070db
+#define T4 0xc1bdceee
+#define T5 0xf57c0faf
+#define T6 0x4787c62a
+#define T7 0xa8304613
+#define T8 0xfd469501
+#define T9 0x698098d8
+#define T10 0x8b44f7af
+#define T11 0xffff5bb1
+#define T12 0x895cd7be
+#define T13 0x6b901122
+#define T14 0xfd987193
+#define T15 0xa679438e
+#define T16 0x49b40821
+#define T17 0xf61e2562
+#define T18 0xc040b340
+#define T19 0x265e5a51
+#define T20 0xe9b6c7aa
+#define T21 0xd62f105d
+#define T22 0x02441453
+#define T23 0xd8a1e681
+#define T24 0xe7d3fbc8
+#define T25 0x21e1cde6
+#define T26 0xc33707d6
+#define T27 0xf4d50d87
+#define T28 0x455a14ed
+#define T29 0xa9e3e905
+#define T30 0xfcefa3f8
+#define T31 0x676f02d9
+#define T32 0x8d2a4c8a
+#define T33 0xfffa3942
+#define T34 0x8771f681
+#define T35 0x6d9d6122
+#define T36 0xfde5380c
+#define T37 0xa4beea44
+#define T38 0x4bdecfa9
+#define T39 0xf6bb4b60
+#define T40 0xbebfbc70
+#define T41 0x289b7ec6
+#define T42 0xeaa127fa
+#define T43 0xd4ef3085
+#define T44 0x04881d05
+#define T45 0xd9d4d039
+#define T46 0xe6db99e5
+#define T47 0x1fa27cf8
+#define T48 0xc4ac5665
+#define T49 0xf4292244
+#define T50 0x432aff97
+#define T51 0xab9423a7
+#define T52 0xfc93a039
+#define T53 0x655b59c3
+#define T54 0x8f0ccc92
+#define T55 0xffeff47d
+#define T56 0x85845dd1
+#define T57 0x6fa87e4f
+#define T58 0xfe2ce6e0
+#define T59 0xa3014314
+#define T60 0x4e0811a1
+#define T61 0xf7537e82
+#define T62 0xbd3af235
+#define T63 0x2ad7d2bb
+#define T64 0xeb86d391
+
+static void
+md5_process(_pdfio_md5_t *pms, const uint8_t *data /*[64]*/)
+{
+    uint32_t
+	a = pms->abcd[0], b = pms->abcd[1],
+	c = pms->abcd[2], d = pms->abcd[3];
+    uint32_t t;
+
+#ifndef ARCH_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+# define ARCH_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 1	/* slower, default implementation */
+#endif
+#if ARCH_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+    /*
+     * On big-endian machines, we must arrange the bytes in the right
+     * order.  (This also works on machines of unknown byte order.)
+     */
+    uint32_t X[16];
+    const uint8_t *xp = data;
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i, xp += 4)
+	X[i] = xp[0] + (unsigned)(xp[1] << 8) + (unsigned)(xp[2] << 16) + (unsigned)(xp[3] << 24);
+
+#else  /* !ARCH_IS_BIG_ENDIAN */
+
+    /*
+     * On little-endian machines, we can process properly aligned data
+     * without copying it.
+     */
+    uint32_t xbuf[16];
+    const uint32_t *X;
+
+    if (!((data - (const uint8_t *)0) & 3)) {
+	/* data are properly aligned */
+	X = (const uint32_t *)data;
+    } else {
+	/* not aligned */
+	memcpy(xbuf, data, 64);
+	X = xbuf;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#define ROTATE_LEFT(x, n) (((x) << (n)) | ((x) >> (32 - (n))))
+
+    /* Round 1. */
+    /* Let [abcd k s i] denote the operation
+       a = b + ((a + F(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */
+#define F(x, y, z) (((x) & (y)) | (~(x) & (z)))
+#define SET(a, b, c, d, k, s, Ti)\
+  t = a + F(b,c,d) + X[k] + Ti;\
+  a = ROTATE_LEFT(t, s) + b
+    /* Do the following 16 operations. */
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  0,  7,  T1);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  1, 12,  T2);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  2, 17,  T3);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  3, 22,  T4);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  4,  7,  T5);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  5, 12,  T6);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  6, 17,  T7);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  7, 22,  T8);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  8,  7,  T9);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  9, 12, T10);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 10, 17, T11);
+    SET(b, c, d, a, 11, 22, T12);
+    SET(a, b, c, d, 12,  7, T13);
+    SET(d, a, b, c, 13, 12, T14);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 14, 17, T15);
+    SET(b, c, d, a, 15, 22, T16);
+#undef SET
+
+     /* Round 2. */
+     /* Let [abcd k s i] denote the operation
+          a = b + ((a + G(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */
+#define G(x, y, z) (((x) & (z)) | ((y) & ~(z)))
+#define SET(a, b, c, d, k, s, Ti)\
+  t = a + G(b,c,d) + X[k] + Ti;\
+  a = ROTATE_LEFT(t, s) + b
+     /* Do the following 16 operations. */
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  1,  5, T17);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  6,  9, T18);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 11, 14, T19);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  0, 20, T20);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  5,  5, T21);
+    SET(d, a, b, c, 10,  9, T22);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 15, 14, T23);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  4, 20, T24);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  9,  5, T25);
+    SET(d, a, b, c, 14,  9, T26);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  3, 14, T27);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  8, 20, T28);
+    SET(a, b, c, d, 13,  5, T29);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  2,  9, T30);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  7, 14, T31);
+    SET(b, c, d, a, 12, 20, T32);
+#undef SET
+
+     /* Round 3. */
+     /* Let [abcd k s t] denote the operation
+          a = b + ((a + H(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */
+#define H(x, y, z) ((x) ^ (y) ^ (z))
+#define SET(a, b, c, d, k, s, Ti)\
+  t = a + H(b,c,d) + X[k] + Ti;\
+  a = ROTATE_LEFT(t, s) + b
+     /* Do the following 16 operations. */
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  5,  4, T33);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  8, 11, T34);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 11, 16, T35);
+    SET(b, c, d, a, 14, 23, T36);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  1,  4, T37);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  4, 11, T38);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  7, 16, T39);
+    SET(b, c, d, a, 10, 23, T40);
+    SET(a, b, c, d, 13,  4, T41);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  0, 11, T42);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  3, 16, T43);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  6, 23, T44);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  9,  4, T45);
+    SET(d, a, b, c, 12, 11, T46);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 15, 16, T47);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  2, 23, T48);
+#undef SET
+
+     /* Round 4. */
+     /* Let [abcd k s t] denote the operation
+          a = b + ((a + I(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */
+#define I(x, y, z) ((y) ^ ((x) | ~(z)))
+#define SET(a, b, c, d, k, s, Ti)\
+  t = a + I(b,c,d) + X[k] + Ti;\
+  a = ROTATE_LEFT(t, s) + b
+     /* Do the following 16 operations. */
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  0,  6, T49);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  7, 10, T50);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 14, 15, T51);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  5, 21, T52);
+    SET(a, b, c, d, 12,  6, T53);
+    SET(d, a, b, c,  3, 10, T54);
+    SET(c, d, a, b, 10, 15, T55);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  1, 21, T56);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  8,  6, T57);
+    SET(d, a, b, c, 15, 10, T58);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  6, 15, T59);
+    SET(b, c, d, a, 13, 21, T60);
+    SET(a, b, c, d,  4,  6, T61);
+    SET(d, a, b, c, 11, 10, T62);
+    SET(c, d, a, b,  2, 15, T63);
+    SET(b, c, d, a,  9, 21, T64);
+#undef SET
+
+     /* Then perform the following additions. (That is increment each
+        of the four registers by the value it had before this block
+        was started.) */
+    pms->abcd[0] += a;
+    pms->abcd[1] += b;
+    pms->abcd[2] += c;
+    pms->abcd[3] += d;
+}
+
+void
+_pdfioCryptoMD5Init(_pdfio_md5_t *pms)
+{
+    pms->count[0] = pms->count[1] = 0;
+    pms->abcd[0] = 0x67452301;
+    pms->abcd[1] = 0xefcdab89;
+    pms->abcd[2] = 0x98badcfe;
+    pms->abcd[3] = 0x10325476;
+}
+
+void
+_pdfioCryptoMD5Append(_pdfio_md5_t *pms, const uint8_t *data, size_t nbytes)
+{
+    const uint8_t *p = data;
+    size_t left = nbytes;
+    size_t offset = (pms->count[0] >> 3) & 63;
+    uint32_t nbits = (uint32_t)(nbytes << 3);
+
+    if (nbytes == 0)
+	return;
+
+    /* Update the message length. */
+    pms->count[1] += (unsigned)(nbytes >> 29);
+    pms->count[0] += nbits;
+    if (pms->count[0] < nbits)
+	pms->count[1]++;
+
+    /* Process an initial partial block. */
+    if (offset) {
+	size_t copy = (offset + nbytes > 64 ? 64 - offset : nbytes);
+
+	memcpy(pms->buf + offset, p, copy);
+	if (offset + copy < 64)
+	    return;
+	p += copy;
+	left -= copy;
+	md5_process(pms, pms->buf);
+    }
+
+    /* Process full blocks. */
+    for (; left >= 64; p += 64, left -= 64)
+	md5_process(pms, p);
+
+    /* Process a final partial block. */
+    if (left)
+	memcpy(pms->buf, p, left);
+}
+
+void
+_pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(_pdfio_md5_t *pms, uint8_t digest[16])
+{
+    static const uint8_t pad[64] = {
+	0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+    };
+    uint8_t data[8];
+    int i;
+
+    /* Save the length before padding. */
+    for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
+	data[i] = (uint8_t)(pms->count[i >> 2] >> ((i & 3) << 3));
+    /* Pad to 56 bytes mod 64. */
+    _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(pms, pad, ((55 - (pms->count[0] >> 3)) & 63) + 1);
+    /* Append the length. */
+    _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(pms, data, 8);
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
+	digest[i] = (uint8_t)(pms->abcd[i >> 2] >> ((i & 3) << 3));
+}

pdfio-object.c

@@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ pdfioObjCopy(pdfio_file_t *pdf,		// I - PDF file
   if (!_pdfioValueCopy(pdf, &dstobj->value, srcobj->pdf, &srcobj->value))
     return (NULL);
 
+  if (dstobj->value.type == PDFIO_VALTYPE_DICT)
+    _pdfioDictClear(dstobj->value.value.dict, "Length");
+
   if (srcobj->stream_offset)
   {
     // Copy stream data...
@@ -409,7 +412,7 @@ _pdfioObjLoad(pdfio_obj_t *obj)		// I - Object
   // Then grab the object value...
   _pdfioTokenInit(&tb, obj->pdf, (_pdfio_tconsume_cb_t)_pdfioFileConsume, (_pdfio_tpeek_cb_t)_pdfioFilePeek, obj->pdf);
 
-  if (!_pdfioValueRead(obj->pdf, &tb, &obj->value))
+  if (!_pdfioValueRead(obj->pdf, obj, &tb, &obj->value))
   {
     _pdfioFileError(obj->pdf, "Unable to read value for object %lu.", (unsigned long)obj->number);
     return (false);
@@ -479,7 +482,7 @@ write_obj_header(pdfio_obj_t *obj)	// I - Object
   if (!_pdfioFilePrintf(obj->pdf, "%lu %u obj\n", (unsigned long)obj->number, obj->generation))
     return (false);
 
-  if (!_pdfioValueWrite(obj->pdf, &obj->value, &obj->length_offset))
+  if (!_pdfioValueWrite(obj->pdf, obj, &obj->value, &obj->length_offset))
     return (false);
 
   return (_pdfioFilePuts(obj->pdf, "\n"));

pdfio-private.h

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #  include "pdfio.h"
 #  include <stdarg.h>
+#  include <stdint.h>
 #  include <string.h>
 #  include <errno.h>
 #  include <inttypes.h>
@@ -174,6 +175,44 @@ typedef struct _pdfio_value_s		// Value structure
   }		value;			// Value union
 } _pdfio_value_t;
 
+typedef struct _pdfio_aes_s		// AES encryption state
+{
+  size_t	round_size;		// Size of round key
+  uint8_t	round_key[240],		// Round key
+		iv[16];			// Initialization vector
+} _pdfio_aes_t;
+
+typedef struct _pdfio_md5_s		// MD5 hash state
+{
+  uint32_t	count[2];		// Message length in bits, lsw first
+  uint32_t	abcd[4];		// Digest buffer
+  uint8_t	buf[64];		// Accumulate block
+} _pdfio_md5_t;
+
+typedef struct _pdfio_rc4_s		// RC4 encryption state
+{
+  uint8_t	sbox[256];		// S boxes for encryption
+  uint8_t	i, j;			// Current indices into S boxes
+} _pdfio_rc4_t;
+
+typedef struct _pdfio_sha265_s		// SHA-256 hash state
+{
+  uint32_t	Intermediate_Hash[8];	// Message Digest
+  uint32_t	Length_High;		// Message length in bits
+  uint32_t	Length_Low;		// Message length in bits
+  int		Message_Block_Index;	// Message_Block array index
+  uint8_t	Message_Block[64];	// 512-bit message blocks
+  int		Computed;		// Is the hash computed?
+  int		Corrupted;		// Cumulative corruption code
+} _pdfio_sha256_t;
+
+typedef union _pdfio_crypto_ctx_u	// Cryptographic contexts
+{
+  _pdfio_aes_t	aes;			// AES-128/256 context
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4-40/128 context
+} _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t;
+typedef size_t (*_pdfio_crypto_cb_t)(_pdfio_crypto_ctx_t *ctx, uint8_t *outbuffer, const uint8_t *inbuffer, size_t len);
+
 struct _pdfio_array_s
 {
   pdfio_file_t	*pdf;			// PDF file
@@ -215,17 +254,26 @@ struct _pdfio_file_s			// PDF file structure
   pdfio_error_cb_t error_cb;		// Error callback
   void		*error_data;		// Data for error callback
 
+  pdfio_encryption_t encryption;	// Encryption mode
+  pdfio_permission_t permissions;	// Access permissions (encrypted PDF files)
+  uint8_t	file_key[16],		// File encryption key
+		owner_key[32],		// Owner encryption key
+		user_key[32];		// User encryption key
+  size_t	file_keylen,		// Length of file encryption key
+		owner_keylen,		// Length of owner encryption key
+		user_keylen;		// Length of user encryption key
+
   // Active file data
   int		fd;			// File descriptor
   char		buffer[8192],		// Read/write buffer
 		*bufptr,		// Pointer into buffer
 		*bufend;		// End of buffer
   off_t		bufpos;			// Position in file for start of buffer
-  pdfio_dict_t	*trailer;		// Trailer dictionary
+  pdfio_dict_t	*trailer_dict;		// Trailer dictionary
-  pdfio_obj_t	*root;			// Root object/dictionary
+  pdfio_obj_t	*root_obj;		// Root object/dictionary
-  pdfio_obj_t	*info;			// Information object
+  pdfio_obj_t	*info_obj;		// Information object
-  pdfio_obj_t	*pages_root;		// Root pages object
+  pdfio_obj_t	*pages_obj;		// Root pages object
-  pdfio_obj_t	*encrypt;		// Encryption object/dictionary
+  pdfio_obj_t	*encrypt_obj;		// De/Encryption object/dictionary
   pdfio_obj_t	*cp1252_obj,		// CP1252 font encoding object
 		*unicode_obj;		// Unicode font encoding object
   pdfio_array_t	*id_array;		// ID array
@@ -281,6 +329,8 @@ struct _pdfio_stream_s			// Stream
   unsigned char	cbuffer[4096],		// Compressed data buffer
 		*prbuffer,		// Raw buffer (previous line), as needed
 		*psbuffer;		// PNG filter buffer, as needed
+  _pdfio_crypto_cb_t crypto_cb;		// Encryption/descryption callback, if any
+  _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t crypto_ctx;	// Cryptographic context
 };
 
 
@@ -291,15 +341,33 @@ struct _pdfio_stream_s			// Stream
 extern void		_pdfioArrayDebug(pdfio_array_t *a, FILE *fp) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern void		_pdfioArrayDelete(pdfio_array_t *a) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern _pdfio_value_t	*_pdfioArrayGetValue(pdfio_array_t *a, size_t n) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
-extern pdfio_array_t	*_pdfioArrayRead(pdfio_file_t *pdf, _pdfio_token_t *ts) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern pdfio_array_t	*_pdfioArrayRead(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj, _pdfio_token_t *ts) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
-extern bool		_pdfioArrayWrite(pdfio_array_t *a) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern bool		_pdfioArrayWrite(pdfio_array_t *a, pdfio_obj_t *obj) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoAESInit(_pdfio_aes_t *ctx, const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, const uint8_t *iv) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern size_t		_pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt(_pdfio_aes_t *ctx, uint8_t *outbuffer, const uint8_t *inbuffer, size_t len) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern size_t		_pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt(_pdfio_aes_t *ctx, uint8_t *outbuffer, const uint8_t *inbuffer, size_t len) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern bool		_pdfioCryptoLock(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_permission_t permissions, pdfio_encryption_t encryption, const char *owner_password, const char *user_password) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoMakeRandom(uint8_t *buffer, size_t bytes) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern _pdfio_crypto_cb_t _pdfioCryptoMakeReader(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj, _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t *ctx, uint8_t *iv, size_t *ivlen) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern _pdfio_crypto_cb_t _pdfioCryptoMakeWriter(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj, _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t *ctx, uint8_t *iv, size_t *ivlen) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoMD5Append(_pdfio_md5_t *pms, const uint8_t *data, size_t nbytes) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(_pdfio_md5_t *pms, uint8_t digest[16]) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoMD5Init(_pdfio_md5_t *pms) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoRC4Init(_pdfio_rc4_t *ctx, const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern size_t		_pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(_pdfio_rc4_t *ctx, uint8_t *outbuffer, const uint8_t *inbuffer, size_t len) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoSHA256Append(_pdfio_sha256_t *, const uint8_t *bytes, size_t bytecount) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoSHA256Init(_pdfio_sha256_t *ctx) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern void		_pdfioCryptoSHA256Finish(_pdfio_sha256_t *ctx, uint8_t *Message_Digest) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern bool		_pdfioCryptoUnlock(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_password_cb_t password_cb, void *password_data) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+
+extern void		_pdfioDictClear(pdfio_dict_t *dict, const char *key) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern void		_pdfioDictDebug(pdfio_dict_t *dict, FILE *fp) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern void		_pdfioDictDelete(pdfio_dict_t *dict) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern _pdfio_value_t	*_pdfioDictGetValue(pdfio_dict_t *dict, const char *key) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
-extern pdfio_dict_t	*_pdfioDictRead(pdfio_file_t *pdf, _pdfio_token_t *ts) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern pdfio_dict_t	*_pdfioDictRead(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj, _pdfio_token_t *ts) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern bool		_pdfioDictSetValue(pdfio_dict_t *dict, const char *key, _pdfio_value_t *value) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
-extern bool		_pdfioDictWrite(pdfio_dict_t *dict, off_t *length) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern bool		_pdfioDictWrite(pdfio_dict_t *dict, pdfio_obj_t *obj, off_t *length) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 
 extern bool		_pdfioFileAddMappedObj(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *dst_obj, pdfio_obj_t *src_obj) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern bool		_pdfioFileAddPage(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
@@ -337,7 +405,7 @@ extern bool		_pdfioTokenRead(_pdfio_token_t *tb, char *buffer, size_t bufsize);
 extern _pdfio_value_t	*_pdfioValueCopy(pdfio_file_t *pdfdst, _pdfio_value_t *vdst, pdfio_file_t *pdfsrc, _pdfio_value_t *vsrc) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern void		_pdfioValueDebug(_pdfio_value_t *v, FILE *fp) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 extern void		_pdfioValueDelete(_pdfio_value_t *v) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
-extern _pdfio_value_t	*_pdfioValueRead(pdfio_file_t *pdf, _pdfio_token_t *ts, _pdfio_value_t *v) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern _pdfio_value_t	*_pdfioValueRead(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj, _pdfio_token_t *ts, _pdfio_value_t *v) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
-extern bool		_pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t *pdf, _pdfio_value_t *v, off_t *length) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
+extern bool		_pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_obj_t *obj, _pdfio_value_t *v, off_t *length) _PDFIO_INTERNAL;
 
 #endif // !PDFIO_PRIVATE_H

pdfio-rc4.c

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//
+// RC4 functions for PDFio.
+//
+// Copyright © 2021 by Michael R Sweet.
+//
+// Original code by Tim Martin
+// Copyright © 1999 by Carnegie Mellon University, All Rights Reserved
+//
+// Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+// documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+// provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+// both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+// supporting documentation, and that the name of Carnegie Mellon
+// University not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+// distribution of the software without specific, written prior
+// permission.
+//
+// CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+// THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+// FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR
+// ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+// ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+// OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+//
+
+#include "pdfio-private.h"
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoRC4Init()' - Initialize an RC4 context with the specified key.
+//
+
+void
+_pdfioCryptoRC4Init(
+    _pdfio_rc4_t  *ctx,			// IO - Context
+    const uint8_t *key,			// I - Key
+    size_t        keylen)		// I - Length of key
+{
+  size_t	i;			// Looping var
+  uint8_t	j,			// S box counter
+		tmp;			// Temporary variable
+
+
+  // Fill in linearly s0=0, s1=1, ...
+  for (i = 0; i < 256; i ++)
+    ctx->sbox[i] = (uint8_t)i;
+
+  for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 256; i ++)
+  {
+    // j = (j + Si + Ki) mod 256
+    j += ctx->sbox[i] + key[i % keylen];
+
+    // Swap Si and Sj...
+    tmp          = ctx->sbox[i];
+    ctx->sbox[i] = ctx->sbox[j];
+    ctx->sbox[j] = tmp;
+  }
+
+  // Initialize counters to 0 and return...
+  ctx->i = 0;
+  ctx->j = 0;
+}
+
+
+//
+// '_pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt()' - De/encrypt the given buffer.
+//
+// "inbuffer" and "outbuffer" can point to the same memory.
+//
+
+size_t					// O - Number of output bytes
+_pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(
+    _pdfio_rc4_t  *ctx,			// I - Context
+    uint8_t       *outbuffer,		// I - Output buffer
+    const uint8_t *inbuffer,		// I - Input buffer
+    size_t        len)			// I - Size of buffers
+{
+  uint8_t	tmp,			// Swap variable
+		i, j,			// Looping vars
+		t;			// Current S box
+  size_t	outbytes = len;		// Number of output bytes
+
+
+  // Loop through the entire buffer...
+  i = ctx->i;
+  j = ctx->j;
+
+  while (len > 0)
+  {
+    // Get the next S box indices...
+    i ++;
+    j += ctx->sbox[i];
+
+    // Swap Si and Sj...
+    tmp          = ctx->sbox[i];
+    ctx->sbox[i] = ctx->sbox[j];
+    ctx->sbox[j] = tmp;
+
+    // Get the S box index for this byte...
+    t = ctx->sbox[i] + ctx->sbox[j];
+
+    // Encrypt using the S box...
+    *outbuffer++ = *inbuffer++ ^ ctx->sbox[t];
+    len --;
+  }
+
+  // Copy current S box indices back to context...
+  ctx->i = i;
+  ctx->j = j;
+
+  return (outbytes);
+}

pdfio-sha256.c

@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+//
+// SHA-256 functions for PDFio.
+//
+// Copyright © 2021 by Michael R Sweet.
+// Copyright © 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as authors of the
+// code.  All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+// without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+// conditions are met:
+// 
+// - Redistributions of source code must retain the above
+//   copyright notice, this list of conditions and
+//   the following disclaimer.
+// 
+// - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//   with the distribution.
+// 
+// - Neither the name of Internet Society, IETF or IETF Trust, nor
+//   the names of specific contributors, may be used to endorse or
+//   promote products derived from this software without specific
+//   prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+// CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+// INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+// DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+// CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+// NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+// LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+// HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+// CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
+// OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
+// EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+//
+
+/*
+ * Description:
+ *   This file implements the Secure Hash Algorithms SHA-224 and
+ *   SHA-256 as defined in the U.S. National Institute of Standards
+ *   and Technology Federal Information Processing Standards
+ *   Publication (FIPS PUB) 180-3 published in October 2008
+ *   and formerly defined in its predecessors, FIPS PUB 180-1
+ *   and FIP PUB 180-2.
+ *
+ *   A combined document showing all algorithms is available at
+ *       http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/
+ *              fips180-3/fips180-3_final.pdf
+ *
+ *   The SHA-224 and SHA-256 algorithms produce 224-bit and 256-bit
+ *   message digests for a given data stream.  It should take about
+ *   2**n steps to find a message with the same digest as a given
+ *   message and 2**(n/2) to find any two messages with the same
+ *   digest, when n is the digest size in bits.  Therefore, this
+ *   algorithm can serve as a means of providing a
+ *   "fingerprint" for a message.
+ *
+ * Portability Issues:
+ *   SHA-224 and SHA-256 are defined in terms of 32-bit "words".
+ *   This code uses <stdint.h> (included via "sha.h") to define 32-
+ *   and 8-bit unsigned integer types.  If your C compiler does not
+ *   support 32-bit unsigned integers, this code is not
+ *   appropriate.
+ *
+ * Caveats:
+ *   SHA-224 and SHA-256 are designed to work with messages less
+ *   than 2^64 bits long.  This implementation uses SHA224/256Input()
+ *   to hash the bits that are a multiple of the size of an 8-bit
+ *   octet, and then optionally uses SHA224/256FinalBits()
+ *   to hash the final few bits of the input.
+ */
+
+#include "pdfio-private.h"
+
+/* Constants from sha.h */
+enum {
+    SHA256_Message_Block_Size = 64,
+    SHA256HashSize = 32,
+    SHA256HashSizeBits = 256
+};
+
+enum {
+    shaSuccess = 0,
+    shaNull,            /* Null pointer parameter */
+    shaInputTooLong,    /* input data too long */
+    shaStateError,      /* called Input after FinalBits or Result */
+    shaBadParam         /* passed a bad parameter */
+};
+
+/* Macros from sha-private.h */
+#define SHA_Ch(x, y, z)      (((x) & ((y) ^ (z))) ^ (z))
+#define SHA_Maj(x, y, z)     (((x) & ((y) | (z))) | ((y) & (z)))
+#define SHA_Parity(x, y, z)  ((x) ^ (y) ^ (z))
+
+/* Define the SHA shift, rotate left, and rotate right macros */
+#define SHA256_SHR(bits,word)      ((word) >> (bits))
+#define SHA256_ROTL(bits,word)                         \
+  (((word) << (bits)) | ((word) >> (32-(bits))))
+#define SHA256_ROTR(bits,word)                         \
+  (((word) >> (bits)) | ((word) << (32-(bits))))
+
+/* Define the SHA SIGMA and sigma macros */
+#define SHA256_SIGMA0(word)   \
+  (SHA256_ROTR( 2,word) ^ SHA256_ROTR(13,word) ^ SHA256_ROTR(22,word))
+#define SHA256_SIGMA1(word)   \
+  (SHA256_ROTR( 6,word) ^ SHA256_ROTR(11,word) ^ SHA256_ROTR(25,word))
+#define SHA256_sigma0(word)   \
+  (SHA256_ROTR( 7,word) ^ SHA256_ROTR(18,word) ^ SHA256_SHR( 3,word))
+#define SHA256_sigma1(word)   \
+  (SHA256_ROTR(17,word) ^ SHA256_ROTR(19,word) ^ SHA256_SHR(10,word))
+
+/*
+ * Add "length" to the length.
+ * Set Corrupted when overflow has occurred.
+ */
+static uint32_t addTemp;
+#define SHA224_256AddLength(context, length)               \
+  (addTemp = (context)->Length_Low, (context)->Corrupted = \
+    (((context)->Length_Low += (length)) < addTemp) &&     \
+    (++(context)->Length_High == 0) ? shaInputTooLong :    \
+                                      (context)->Corrupted )
+
+/* Local Function Prototypes */
+static int SHA224_256Reset(_pdfio_sha256_t *context, uint32_t *H0);
+static void SHA224_256ProcessMessageBlock(_pdfio_sha256_t *context);
+static void SHA224_256Finalize(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+  uint8_t Pad_Byte);
+static void SHA224_256PadMessage(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+  uint8_t Pad_Byte);
+static int SHA224_256ResultN(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+  uint8_t Message_Digest[ ], int HashSize);
+
+/* Initial Hash Values: FIPS 180-3 section 5.3.3 */
+static uint32_t SHA256_H0[SHA256HashSize/4] = {
+  0x6A09E667, 0xBB67AE85, 0x3C6EF372, 0xA54FF53A,
+  0x510E527F, 0x9B05688C, 0x1F83D9AB, 0x5BE0CD19
+};
+
+/*
+ * _pdfioCryptoSHA256Init
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This function will initialize the _pdfio_sha256_t in preparation
+ *   for computing a new SHA256 message digest.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The context to reset.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   sha Error Code.
+ */
+void _pdfioCryptoSHA256Init(_pdfio_sha256_t *context)
+{
+  SHA224_256Reset(context, SHA256_H0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * _pdfioCryptoSHA256Append
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This function accepts an array of octets as the next portion
+ *   of the message.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The SHA context to update.
+ *   message_array[ ]: [in]
+ *     An array of octets representing the next portion of
+ *     the message.
+ *   length: [in]
+ *     The length of the message in message_array.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   sha Error Code.
+ */
+void
+_pdfioCryptoSHA256Append(_pdfio_sha256_t *context, const uint8_t *message_array,
+    size_t length)
+{
+  if (!length) return;
+
+  while (length--) {
+    context->Message_Block[context->Message_Block_Index++] =
+            *message_array;
+
+    if ((SHA224_256AddLength(context, 8) == shaSuccess) &&
+      (context->Message_Block_Index == SHA256_Message_Block_Size))
+      SHA224_256ProcessMessageBlock(context);
+
+    message_array++;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * _pdfioCryptoSHA256Finish
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This function will return the 256-bit message digest
+ *   into the Message_Digest array provided by the caller.
+ *   NOTE:
+ *    The first octet of hash is stored in the element with index 0,
+ *    the last octet of hash in the element with index 31.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The context to use to calculate the SHA hash.
+ *   Message_Digest[ ]: [out]
+ *     Where the digest is returned.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   sha Error Code.
+ */
+void
+_pdfioCryptoSHA256Finish(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+                 uint8_t Message_Digest[SHA256HashSize])
+{
+  SHA224_256ResultN(context, Message_Digest, SHA256HashSize);
+}
+
+/*
+ * SHA224_256Reset
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This helper function will initialize the _pdfio_sha256_t in
+ *   preparation for computing a new SHA-224 or SHA-256 message digest.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The context to reset.
+ *   H0[ ]: [in]
+ *     The initial hash value array to use.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   sha Error Code.
+ */
+static int SHA224_256Reset(_pdfio_sha256_t *context, uint32_t *H0)
+{
+  if (!context) return shaNull;
+
+  context->Length_High = context->Length_Low = 0;
+  context->Message_Block_Index  = 0;
+
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[0] = H0[0];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[1] = H0[1];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[2] = H0[2];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[3] = H0[3];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[4] = H0[4];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[5] = H0[5];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[6] = H0[6];
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[7] = H0[7];
+
+  context->Computed  = 0;
+  context->Corrupted = shaSuccess;
+
+  return shaSuccess;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SHA224_256ProcessMessageBlock
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This helper function will process the next 512 bits of the
+ *   message stored in the Message_Block array.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The SHA context to update.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   Nothing.
+ *
+ * Comments:
+ *   Many of the variable names in this code, especially the
+ *   single character names, were used because those were the
+ *   names used in the Secure Hash Standard.
+ */
+static void SHA224_256ProcessMessageBlock(_pdfio_sha256_t *context)
+{
+  /* Constants defined in FIPS 180-3, section 4.2.2 */
+  static const uint32_t K[64] = {
+      0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b,
+      0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01,
+      0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3, 0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7,
+      0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786, 0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc,
+      0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da, 0x983e5152,
+      0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+      0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc,
+      0x53380d13, 0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85,
+      0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b, 0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819,
+      0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070, 0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08,
+      0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a, 0x5b9cca4f,
+      0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+      0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2
+  };
+  int        t, t4;                   /* Loop counter */
+  uint32_t   temp1, temp2;            /* Temporary word value */
+  uint32_t   W[64];                   /* Word sequence */
+  uint32_t   A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H;  /* Word buffers */
+
+  /*
+   * Initialize the first 16 words in the array W
+   */
+  for (t = t4 = 0; t < 16; t++, t4 += 4)
+    W[t] = (((uint32_t)context->Message_Block[t4]) << 24) |
+           (((uint32_t)context->Message_Block[t4 + 1]) << 16) |
+           (((uint32_t)context->Message_Block[t4 + 2]) << 8) |
+           (((uint32_t)context->Message_Block[t4 + 3]));
+
+  for (t = 16; t < 64; t++)
+    W[t] = SHA256_sigma1(W[t-2]) + W[t-7] +
+        SHA256_sigma0(W[t-15]) + W[t-16];
+
+  A = context->Intermediate_Hash[0];
+  B = context->Intermediate_Hash[1];
+  C = context->Intermediate_Hash[2];
+  D = context->Intermediate_Hash[3];
+  E = context->Intermediate_Hash[4];
+  F = context->Intermediate_Hash[5];
+  G = context->Intermediate_Hash[6];
+  H = context->Intermediate_Hash[7];
+
+  for (t = 0; t < 64; t++) {
+    temp1 = H + SHA256_SIGMA1(E) + SHA_Ch(E,F,G) + K[t] + W[t];
+    temp2 = SHA256_SIGMA0(A) + SHA_Maj(A,B,C);
+    H = G;
+    G = F;
+    F = E;
+    E = D + temp1;
+    D = C;
+    C = B;
+    B = A;
+    A = temp1 + temp2;
+  }
+
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[0] += A;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[1] += B;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[2] += C;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[3] += D;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[4] += E;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[5] += F;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[6] += G;
+  context->Intermediate_Hash[7] += H;
+
+  context->Message_Block_Index = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SHA224_256Finalize
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This helper function finishes off the digest calculations.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The SHA context to update.
+ *   Pad_Byte: [in]
+ *     The last byte to add to the message block before the 0-padding
+ *     and length.  This will contain the last bits of the message
+ *     followed by another single bit.  If the message was an
+ *     exact multiple of 8-bits long, Pad_Byte will be 0x80.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   sha Error Code.
+ */
+static void SHA224_256Finalize(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+    uint8_t Pad_Byte)
+{
+  int i;
+  SHA224_256PadMessage(context, Pad_Byte);
+  /* message may be sensitive, so clear it out */
+  for (i = 0; i < SHA256_Message_Block_Size; ++i)
+    context->Message_Block[i] = 0;
+  context->Length_High = 0;     /* and clear length */
+  context->Length_Low = 0;
+  context->Computed = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SHA224_256PadMessage
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   According to the standard, the message must be padded to the next
+ *   even multiple of 512 bits.  The first padding bit must be a '1'.
+ *   The last 64 bits represent the length of the original message.
+ *   All bits in between should be 0.  This helper function will pad
+ *   the message according to those rules by filling the
+ *   Message_Block array accordingly.  When it returns, it can be
+ *   assumed that the message digest has been computed.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The context to pad.
+ *   Pad_Byte: [in]
+ *     The last byte to add to the message block before the 0-padding
+ *     and length.  This will contain the last bits of the message
+ *     followed by another single bit.  If the message was an
+ *     exact multiple of 8-bits long, Pad_Byte will be 0x80.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   Nothing.
+ */
+static void SHA224_256PadMessage(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+    uint8_t Pad_Byte)
+{
+  /*
+   * Check to see if the current message block is too small to hold
+   * the initial padding bits and length.  If so, we will pad the
+   * block, process it, and then continue padding into a second
+   * block.
+   */
+  if (context->Message_Block_Index >= (SHA256_Message_Block_Size-8)) {
+    context->Message_Block[context->Message_Block_Index++] = Pad_Byte;
+    while (context->Message_Block_Index < SHA256_Message_Block_Size)
+      context->Message_Block[context->Message_Block_Index++] = 0;
+    SHA224_256ProcessMessageBlock(context);
+  } else
+    context->Message_Block[context->Message_Block_Index++] = Pad_Byte;
+
+  while (context->Message_Block_Index < (SHA256_Message_Block_Size-8))
+    context->Message_Block[context->Message_Block_Index++] = 0;
+
+  /*
+   * Store the message length as the last 8 octets
+   */
+  context->Message_Block[56] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_High >> 24);
+  context->Message_Block[57] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_High >> 16);
+  context->Message_Block[58] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_High >> 8);
+  context->Message_Block[59] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_High);
+  context->Message_Block[60] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_Low >> 24);
+  context->Message_Block[61] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_Low >> 16);
+  context->Message_Block[62] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_Low >> 8);
+  context->Message_Block[63] = (uint8_t)(context->Length_Low);
+
+  SHA224_256ProcessMessageBlock(context);
+}
+
+/*
+ * SHA224_256ResultN
+ *
+ * Description:
+ *   This helper function will return the 224-bit or 256-bit message
+ *   digest into the Message_Digest array provided by the caller.
+ *   NOTE:
+ *    The first octet of hash is stored in the element with index 0,
+ *    the last octet of hash in the element with index 27/31.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   context: [in/out]
+ *     The context to use to calculate the SHA hash.
+ *   Message_Digest[ ]: [out]
+ *     Where the digest is returned.
+ *   HashSize: [in]
+ *     The size of the hash, either 28 or 32.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   sha Error Code.
+ */
+static int SHA224_256ResultN(_pdfio_sha256_t *context,
+    uint8_t Message_Digest[ ], int HashSize)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if (!context) return shaNull;
+  if (!Message_Digest) return shaNull;
+  if (context->Corrupted) return context->Corrupted;
+
+  if (!context->Computed)
+    SHA224_256Finalize(context, 0x80);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < HashSize; ++i)
+    Message_Digest[i] = (uint8_t)
+      (context->Intermediate_Hash[i>>2] >> 8 * ( 3 - ( i & 0x03 ) ));
+
+  return shaSuccess;
+}

pdfio-stream.c

@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ pdfioStreamClose(pdfio_stream_t *st)	// I - Stream
 
       while ((status = deflate(&st->flate, Z_FINISH)) != Z_STREAM_END)
       {
+        size_t	bytes = sizeof(st->cbuffer) - st->flate.avail_out,
+					// Bytes to write
+		outbytes;		// Actual bytes written
+
 	if (status < Z_OK && status != Z_BUF_ERROR)
 	{
 	  _pdfioFileError(st->pdf, "Flate compression failed: %s", zstrerror(status));
@@ -61,20 +65,50 @@ pdfioStreamClose(pdfio_stream_t *st)	// I - Stream
 	  goto done;
 	}
 
-	if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, st->cbuffer, sizeof(st->cbuffer) - st->flate.avail_out))
+	if (st->crypto_cb)
+	{
+	  // Encrypt it first...
+	  outbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, bytes & ~15);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	  // No encryption
+	  outbytes = bytes;
+	}
+
+	if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, st->cbuffer, outbytes))
 	{
 	  ret = false;
 	  goto done;
 	}
 
-	st->flate.next_out  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer;
+        if (bytes > outbytes)
-	st->flate.avail_out = (uInt)sizeof(st->cbuffer);
+        {
+          bytes -= outbytes;
+          memmove(st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer + outbytes, bytes);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          bytes = 0;
+        }
+
+	st->flate.next_out  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer + bytes;
+	st->flate.avail_out = (uInt)sizeof(st->cbuffer) - bytes;
       }
 
       if (st->flate.avail_out < (uInt)sizeof(st->cbuffer))
       {
         // Write any residuals...
-	if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, st->cbuffer, sizeof(st->cbuffer) - st->flate.avail_out))
+        size_t bytes = sizeof(st->cbuffer) - st->flate.avail_out;
+					// Bytes to write
+
+	if (st->crypto_cb)
+	{
+	  // Encrypt it first...
+	  bytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, bytes);
+	}
+
+	if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, st->cbuffer, bytes))
 	{
 	  ret = false;
 	  goto done;
@@ -83,6 +117,19 @@ pdfioStreamClose(pdfio_stream_t *st)	// I - Stream
 
       deflateEnd(&st->flate);
     }
+    else if (st->crypto_cb && st->bufptr > st->buffer)
+    {
+      // Encrypt and flush
+      uint8_t	temp[8192];		// Temporary buffer
+      size_t	outbytes;		// Output bytes
+
+      outbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, temp, (uint8_t *)st->buffer, (size_t)(st->bufptr - st->buffer));
+      if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, temp, outbytes))
+      {
+        ret = false;
+        goto done;
+      }
+    }
 
     // Save the length of this stream...
     st->obj->stream_length = (size_t)(_pdfioFileTell(st->pdf) - st->obj->stream_offset);
@@ -161,6 +208,24 @@ _pdfioStreamCreate(
   st->obj        = obj;
   st->length_obj = length_obj;
   st->filter     = compression;
+  st->bufptr     = st->buffer;
+  st->bufend     = st->buffer + sizeof(st->buffer);
+
+  if (obj->pdf->encryption)
+  {
+    uint8_t	iv[64];			// Initialization vector
+    size_t	ivlen = sizeof(iv);	// Length of initialization vector, if any
+
+    if ((st->crypto_cb = _pdfioCryptoMakeWriter(st->pdf, obj, &st->crypto_ctx, iv, &ivlen)) == NULL)
+    {
+      // TODO: Add error message?
+      free(st);
+      return (NULL);
+    }
+
+    if (ivlen > 0)
+      _pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, iv, ivlen);
+  }
 
   if (compression == PDFIO_FILTER_FLATE)
   {
@@ -360,6 +425,24 @@ _pdfioStreamOpen(pdfio_obj_t *obj,	// I - Object
     return (NULL);
   }
 
+  if (obj->pdf->encryption)
+  {
+    uint8_t	iv[64];			// Initialization vector
+    size_t	ivlen;			// Length of initialization vector, if any
+
+    ivlen = _pdfioFilePeek(st->pdf, iv, sizeof(iv));
+
+    if ((st->crypto_cb = _pdfioCryptoMakeReader(st->pdf, obj, &st->crypto_ctx, iv, &ivlen)) == NULL)
+    {
+      // TODO: Add error message?
+      free(st);
+      return (NULL);
+    }
+
+    if (ivlen > 0)
+      _pdfioFileConsume(st->pdf, ivlen);
+  }
+
   if (decode)
   {
     // Try to decode/decompress the contents of this object...
@@ -474,6 +557,9 @@ _pdfioStreamOpen(pdfio_obj_t *obj,	// I - Object
 	return (NULL);
       }
 
+      if (st->crypto_cb)
+        rbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, rbytes);
+
       st->flate.next_in  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer;
       st->flate.avail_in = (uInt)rbytes;
 
@@ -594,7 +680,7 @@ pdfioStreamPrintf(
 
 
 //
-// '()' - Write a single character to a stream.
+// 'pdfioStreamPutChar()' - Write a single character to a stream.
 //
 
 bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` on failure
@@ -724,8 +810,63 @@ pdfioStreamWrite(
   // Write it...
   if (st->filter == PDFIO_FILTER_NONE)
   {
-    // No filtering so just write it...
+    // No filtering...
-    return (_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, buffer, bytes));
+    if (st->crypto_cb)
+    {
+      // Encrypt data before writing...
+      uint8_t	temp[8192];		// Temporary buffer
+      size_t	cbytes,			// Current bytes
+		outbytes;		// Output bytes
+
+      bufptr = (const unsigned char *)buffer;
+
+      while (bytes > 0)
+      {
+        if (st->bufptr > st->buffer || bytes < 16)
+        {
+          // Write through the stream's buffer...
+          if ((cbytes = bytes) > (st->bufend - st->bufptr))
+            cbytes = st->bufend - st->bufptr;
+
+          memcpy(st->bufptr, bufptr, cbytes);
+          st->bufptr += cbytes;
+          if (st->bufptr >= st->bufend)
+          {
+            // Encrypt and flush
+	    outbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, temp, (uint8_t *)st->buffer, sizeof(st->buffer));
+	    if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, temp, outbytes))
+	      return (false);
+
+	    st->bufptr = st->buffer;
+          }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          // Write directly up to sizeof(temp) bytes...
+          if ((cbytes = bytes) > sizeof(temp))
+            cbytes = sizeof(temp);
+          if (cbytes & 15)
+          {
+            // AES has a 16-byte block size, so save the last few bytes...
+            cbytes &= ~15;
+          }
+
+	  outbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, temp, bufptr, cbytes);
+	  if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, temp, outbytes))
+	    return (false);
+        }
+
+        bytes -= cbytes;
+        bufptr += cbytes;
+      }
+
+      return (true);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      // Write unencrypted...
+      return (_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, buffer, bytes));
+    }
   }
 
   pbline = st->pbsize - 1;
@@ -862,8 +1003,13 @@ stream_read(pdfio_stream_t *st,		// I - Stream
       rbytes = _pdfioFileRead(st->pdf, buffer, bytes);
 
     if (rbytes > 0)
+    {
       st->remaining -= (size_t)rbytes;
 
+      if (st->crypto_cb)
+        (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, (uint8_t *)buffer, (uint8_t *)buffer, rbytes);
+    }
+
     return (rbytes);
   }
   else if (st->filter == PDFIO_FILTER_FLATE)
@@ -887,6 +1033,9 @@ stream_read(pdfio_stream_t *st,		// I - Stream
 	if (rbytes <= 0)
 	  return (-1);			// End of file...
 
+	if (st->crypto_cb)
+	  rbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, rbytes);
+
 	st->remaining      -= (size_t)rbytes;
 	st->flate.next_in  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer;
 	st->flate.avail_in = (uInt)rbytes;
@@ -940,6 +1089,9 @@ stream_read(pdfio_stream_t *st,		// I - Stream
 	  if (rbytes <= 0)
 	    return (-1);		// End of file...
 
+	  if (st->crypto_cb)
+	    rbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, rbytes);
+
 	  st->remaining      -= (size_t)rbytes;
 	  st->flate.next_in  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer;
 	  st->flate.avail_in = (uInt)rbytes;
@@ -1004,6 +1156,9 @@ stream_read(pdfio_stream_t *st,		// I - Stream
 	  if (rbytes <= 0)
 	    return (-1);		// End of file...
 
+	  if (st->crypto_cb)
+	    rbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, rbytes);
+
 	  st->remaining      -= (size_t)rbytes;
 	  st->flate.next_in  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer;
 	  st->flate.avail_in = (uInt)rbytes;
@@ -1100,11 +1255,36 @@ stream_write(pdfio_stream_t *st,	// I - Stream
     if (st->flate.avail_out < (sizeof(st->cbuffer) / 8))
     {
       // Flush the compression buffer...
-      if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, st->cbuffer, sizeof(st->cbuffer) - st->flate.avail_out))
+      size_t	cbytes = sizeof(st->cbuffer) - st->flate.avail_out,
+		outbytes;
+
+      if (st->crypto_cb)
+      {
+        // Encrypt it first...
+        outbytes = (st->crypto_cb)(&st->crypto_ctx, st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer, cbytes & ~15);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        outbytes = cbytes;
+      }
+
+//      fprintf(stderr, "stream_write: bytes=%u, outbytes=%u\n", (unsigned)bytes, (unsigned)outbytes);
+
+      if (!_pdfioFileWrite(st->pdf, st->cbuffer, outbytes))
         return (false);
 
-      st->flate.next_out  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer;
+      if (cbytes > outbytes)
-      st->flate.avail_out = sizeof(st->cbuffer);
+      {
+        cbytes -= outbytes;
+        memmove(st->cbuffer, st->cbuffer + outbytes, cbytes);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        cbytes = 0;
+      }
+
+      st->flate.next_out  = (Bytef *)st->cbuffer + cbytes;
+      st->flate.avail_out = sizeof(st->cbuffer) - cbytes;
     }
 
     // Deflate what we can this time...

pdfio-token.c

@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ _pdfioTokenRead(_pdfio_token_t *tb,	// I - Token buffer/stack
 	  return (false);
 	}
 
-	while ((ch = get_char(tb)) != EOF && ch != '>')
+        do
 	{
 	  if (isxdigit(ch))
 	  {
@@ -476,6 +476,7 @@ _pdfioTokenRead(_pdfio_token_t *tb,	// I - Token buffer/stack
 	    return (false);
 	  }
 	}
+	while ((ch = get_char(tb)) != EOF && ch != '>');
 
 	if (ch == EOF)
 	{

pdfio-value.c

@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ _pdfioValueDelete(_pdfio_value_t *v)	// I - Value
 
 _pdfio_value_t *			// O - Value or `NULL` on error/EOF
 _pdfioValueRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
+                pdfio_obj_t    *obj,	// I - Object, if any
                 _pdfio_token_t *tb,	// I - Token buffer/stack
                 _pdfio_value_t *v)	// I - Value
 {
@@ -216,7 +217,8 @@ _pdfioValueRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 #endif // DEBUG
 
 
-  PDFIO_DEBUG("_pdfioValueRead(pdf=%p, v=%p)\n", pdf, v);
+  PDFIO_DEBUG("_pdfioValueRead(pdf=%p, obj=%p, v=%p)\n", pdf, obj, v);
+  (void)obj; // TODO: Implement decryption
 
   if (!_pdfioTokenGet(tb, token, sizeof(token)))
     return (NULL);
@@ -225,14 +227,14 @@ _pdfioValueRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
   {
     // Start of array
     v->type = PDFIO_VALTYPE_ARRAY;
-    if ((v->value.array = _pdfioArrayRead(pdf, tb)) == NULL)
+    if ((v->value.array = _pdfioArrayRead(pdf, obj, tb)) == NULL)
       return (NULL);
   }
   else if (!strcmp(token, "<<"))
   {
     // Start of dictionary
     v->type = PDFIO_VALTYPE_DICT;
-    if ((v->value.dict = _pdfioDictRead(pdf, tb)) == NULL)
+    if ((v->value.dict = _pdfioDictRead(pdf, obj, tb)) == NULL)
       return (NULL);
   }
   else if (!strncmp(token, "(D:", 3))
@@ -474,6 +476,7 @@ _pdfioValueRead(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 
 bool					// O - `true` on success, `false` on failure
 _pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
+                 pdfio_obj_t    *obj,	// I - Object, if any
                  _pdfio_value_t *v,	// I - Value
                  off_t          *length)// O - Offset to /Length value, if any
 {
@@ -483,23 +486,47 @@ _pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
         return (false);
 
     case PDFIO_VALTYPE_ARRAY :
-        return (_pdfioArrayWrite(v->value.array));
+        return (_pdfioArrayWrite(v->value.array, obj));
 
     case PDFIO_VALTYPE_BINARY :
         {
-          size_t	i;		// Looping var
+          size_t	databytes;	// Bytes to write
-          unsigned char	*dataptr;	// Pointer into data
+          uint8_t	temp[32768],	// Temporary buffer for encryption
+			*dataptr;	// Pointer into data
+
+          if (obj && pdf->encryption)
+          {
+	    // Write encrypted string...
+	    _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t ctx;	// Encryption context
+	    _pdfio_crypto_cb_t cb;	// Encryption callback
+	    size_t	ivlen;		// Number of initialization vector bytes
+
+            if (v->value.binary.datalen > (sizeof(temp) - 32))
+            {
+	      _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to write encrypted binary string - too long.");
+	      return (false);
+            }
+
+	    cb        = _pdfioCryptoMakeWriter(pdf, obj, &ctx, temp, &ivlen);
+	    databytes = (cb)(&ctx, temp + ivlen, v->value.binary.data, v->value.binary.datalen) + ivlen;
+	    dataptr   = temp;
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            dataptr   = v->value.binary.data;
+            databytes = v->value.binary.datalen;
+          }
 
           if (!_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, "<"))
             return (false);
 
-          for (i = v->value.binary.datalen, dataptr = v->value.binary.data; i > 1; i -= 2, dataptr += 2)
+          for (; databytes > 1; databytes -= 2, dataptr += 2)
           {
             if (!_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "%02X%02X", dataptr[0], dataptr[1]))
               return (false);
           }
 
-          if (i > 0)
+          if (databytes > 0)
             return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "%02X>", dataptr[0]));
           else
             return (_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, ">"));
@@ -514,6 +541,7 @@ _pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
     case PDFIO_VALTYPE_DATE :
         {
           struct tm	date;		// Date values
+          char		datestr[32];	// Formatted date value
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
           gmtime_s(&date, &v->value.date);
@@ -521,11 +549,45 @@ _pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
 	  gmtime_r(&v->value.date, &date);
 #endif // _WIN32
 
-          return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "(D:%04d%02d%02d%02d%02d%02dZ)", date.tm_year + 1900, date.tm_mon + 1, date.tm_mday, date.tm_hour, date.tm_min, date.tm_sec));
+	  snprintf(datestr, sizeof(datestr), "D:%04d%02d%02d%02d%02d%02dZ", date.tm_year + 1900, date.tm_mon + 1, date.tm_mday, date.tm_hour, date.tm_min, date.tm_sec);
+
+	  if (obj && pdf->encryption)
+	  {
+	    // Write encrypted string...
+	    uint8_t	temp[32768],	// Encrypted bytes
+			*tempptr;	// Pointer into encrypted bytes
+	    _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t ctx;	// Encryption context
+	    _pdfio_crypto_cb_t cb;	// Encryption callback
+	    size_t	len = strlen(datestr),
+					  // Length of value
+			ivlen,		// Number of initialization vector bytes
+			tempbytes;	// Number of output bytes
+
+	    cb        = _pdfioCryptoMakeWriter(pdf, obj, &ctx, temp, &ivlen);
+	    tempbytes = (cb)(&ctx, temp + ivlen, (const uint8_t *)datestr, len) + ivlen;
+
+	    if (!_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, "<"))
+	      return (false);
+
+	    for (tempptr = temp; tempbytes > 1; tempbytes -= 2, tempptr += 2)
+	    {
+	      if (!_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "%02X%02X", tempptr[0], tempptr[1]))
+		return (false);
+	    }
+
+            if (tempbytes > 0)
+              return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "%02X>", *tempptr));
+            else
+	      return (_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, ">"));
+	  }
+	  else
+	  {
+	    return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "(%s)", datestr));
+	  }
         }
 
     case PDFIO_VALTYPE_DICT :
-        return (_pdfioDictWrite(v->value.dict, length));
+        return (_pdfioDictWrite(v->value.dict, obj, length));
 
     case PDFIO_VALTYPE_INDIRECT :
         return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, " %lu %u R", (unsigned long)v->value.indirect.number, v->value.indirect.generation));
@@ -540,7 +602,44 @@ _pdfioValueWrite(pdfio_file_t   *pdf,	// I - PDF file
         return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, " %g", v->value.number));
 
     case PDFIO_VALTYPE_STRING :
+        if (obj && pdf->encryption)
         {
+          // Write encrypted string...
+          uint8_t	temp[32768],	// Encrypted bytes
+			*tempptr;	// Pointer into encrypted bytes
+          _pdfio_crypto_ctx_t ctx;	// Encryption context
+          _pdfio_crypto_cb_t cb;	// Encryption callback
+          size_t	len = strlen(v->value.string),
+					// Length of value
+			ivlen,		// Number of initialization vector bytes
+			tempbytes;	// Number of output bytes
+
+          if (len > (sizeof(temp) - 32))
+          {
+            _pdfioFileError(pdf, "Unable to write encrypted string - too long.");
+            return (false);
+          }
+
+          cb        = _pdfioCryptoMakeWriter(pdf, obj, &ctx, temp, &ivlen);
+          tempbytes = (cb)(&ctx, temp + ivlen, (const uint8_t *)v->value.string, len) + ivlen;
+
+          if (!_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, "<"))
+            return (false);
+
+          for (tempptr = temp; tempbytes > 1; tempbytes -= 2, tempptr += 2)
+          {
+            if (!_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "%02X%02X", tempptr[0], tempptr[1]))
+              return (false);
+          }
+
+          if (tempbytes > 0)
+            return (_pdfioFilePrintf(pdf, "%02X>", *tempptr));
+          else
+	    return (_pdfioFilePuts(pdf, ">"));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          // Write unencrypted string...
           const char *start,		// Start of fragment
 		     *end;		// End of fragment
 

pdfio.h

@@ -59,6 +59,14 @@ typedef struct _pdfio_file_s pdfio_file_t;
 					// PDF file
 typedef bool (*pdfio_error_cb_t)(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *message, void *data);
 					// Error callback
+typedef enum pdfio_encryption_e		// PDF encryption modes
+{
+  PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_NONE = 0,		// No encryption
+  PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_40,		// 40-bit RC4 encryption (PDF 1.3)
+  PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128,		// 128-bit RC4 encryption (PDF 1.4)
+  PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128,		// 128-bit AES encryption (PDF 1.6)
+  PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_256		// 256-bit AES encryption (PDF 2.0)
+} pdfio_encryption_t;
 typedef enum pdfio_filter_e		// Compression/decompression filters for streams
 {
   PDFIO_FILTER_NONE,			// No filter
@@ -78,6 +86,20 @@ typedef ssize_t (*pdfio_output_cb_t)(void *ctx, const void *data, size_t datalen
 					// Output callback for pdfioFileCreateOutput
 typedef const char *(*pdfio_password_cb_t)(void *data, const char *filename);
 					// Password callback for pdfioFileOpen
+enum pdfio_permission_e			// PDF permission bits
+{
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_NONE = 0,		// No permissions
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_PRINT = 0x0004,	// PDF allows printing
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_MODIFY = 0x0008,	// PDF allows modification
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_COPY = 0x0010,	// PDF allows copying
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_ANNOTATE = 0x0020,	// PDF allows annotation
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_FORMS = 0x0100,	// PDF allows filling in forms
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_READING = 0x0200,	// PDF allows screen reading/accessibility (deprecated in PDF 2.0)
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_ASSEMBLE = 0x0400,	// PDF allows assembly (insert, delete, or rotate pages, add document outlines and thumbnails)
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_PRINT_HIGH = 0x0800,	// PDF allows high quality printing
+  PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL = ~0		// All permissions
+};
+typedef int pdfio_permission_t;		// PDF permission bitfield
 typedef struct pdfio_rect_s		// PDF rectangle
 {
   double	x1;			// Lower-left X coordinate
@@ -174,6 +196,7 @@ extern size_t		pdfioFileGetNumObjs(pdfio_file_t *pdf) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern size_t		pdfioFileGetNumPages(pdfio_file_t *pdf) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern pdfio_obj_t	*pdfioFileGetObj(pdfio_file_t *pdf, size_t n) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern pdfio_obj_t	*pdfioFileGetPage(pdfio_file_t *pdf, size_t n) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
+extern pdfio_permission_t pdfioFileGetPermissions(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_encryption_t *encryption) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern const char	*pdfioFileGetProducer(pdfio_file_t *pdf) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern const char	*pdfioFileGetSubject(pdfio_file_t *pdf) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern const char	*pdfioFileGetTitle(pdfio_file_t *pdf) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
@@ -183,6 +206,7 @@ extern void		pdfioFileSetAuthor(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *value) _PDFIO_PUB
 extern void		pdfioFileSetCreationDate(pdfio_file_t *pdf, time_t value) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern void		pdfioFileSetCreator(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *value) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern void		pdfioFileSetKeywords(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *value) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
+extern bool		pdfioFileSetPermissions(pdfio_file_t *pdf, pdfio_permission_t permissions, pdfio_encryption_t encryption, const char *owner_password, const char *user_password) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern void		pdfioFileSetSubject(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *value) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 extern void		pdfioFileSetTitle(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *value) _PDFIO_PUBLIC;
 

pdfio.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj

@@ -25,7 +25,12 @@
 		279E1035267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.h in Headers */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 279E1033267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.h */; };
 		279E1036267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 279E1034267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.c */; };
 		279E103B267D04E600D3A349 /* libz.tbd in Frameworks */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 279E103A267D04E600D3A349 /* libz.tbd */; };
+		27CF90442711DFFE00E50FE4 /* pdfio-aes.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 27CF90432711DFFE00E50FE4 /* pdfio-aes.c */; };
 		27ECBD8926419DAB0025312A /* libpdfio.a in Frameworks */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 273440B0263D6FE200FBFD63 /* libpdfio.a */; };
+		27F2F0602710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-md5.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 27F2F05D2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-md5.c */; };
+		27F2F0612710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-rc4.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 27F2F05E2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-rc4.c */; };
+		27F2F0622710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-crypto.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 27F2F05F2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-crypto.c */; };
+		27F2F0642711243D008ECD36 /* pdfio-sha256.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 27F2F0632711243D008ECD36 /* pdfio-sha256.c */; };
 /* End PBXBuildFile section */
 
 /* Begin PBXContainerItemProxy section */
@@ -79,6 +84,11 @@
 		279E1033267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.h */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.h; path = ttf.h; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		279E1034267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = ttf.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		279E103A267D04E600D3A349 /* libz.tbd */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; lastKnownFileType = "sourcecode.text-based-dylib-definition"; name = libz.tbd; path = usr/lib/libz.tbd; sourceTree = SDKROOT; };
+		27CF90432711DFFE00E50FE4 /* pdfio-aes.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = "pdfio-aes.c"; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		27F2F05D2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-md5.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = "pdfio-md5.c"; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		27F2F05E2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-rc4.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = "pdfio-rc4.c"; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		27F2F05F2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-crypto.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = "pdfio-crypto.c"; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		27F2F0632711243D008ECD36 /* pdfio-sha256.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = "pdfio-sha256.c"; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 /* End PBXFileReference section */
 
 /* Begin PBXFrameworksBuildPhase section */
@@ -150,19 +160,24 @@
 		279E1038267D045C00D3A349 /* Library */ = {
 			isa = PBXGroup;
 			children = (
+				27CF90432711DFFE00E50FE4 /* pdfio-aes.c */,
 				273440BA263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-array.c */,
 				273440BB263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-common.c */,
 				271EA703265B2B1000ACDD39 /* pdfio-content.c */,
+				27F2F05F2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-crypto.c */,
 				273440BE263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-dict.c */,
 				273440BD263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-file.c */,
+				27F2F05D2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-md5.c */,
 				273440BC263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-object.c */,
 				273440C2263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-page.c */,
+				27F2F05E2710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-rc4.c */,
+				27F2F0632711243D008ECD36 /* pdfio-sha256.c */,
 				273440BF263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-stream.c */,
 				273440B9263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-string.c */,
 				273440E3263DD7EA00FBFD63 /* pdfio-token.c */,
 				273440C0263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-value.c */,
-				279E1033267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.h */,
 				279E1034267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.c */,
+				279E1033267D043B00D3A349 /* ttf.h */,
 			);
 			name = Library;
 			sourceTree = "<group>";
@@ -281,11 +296,16 @@
 				273440CB263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-value.c in Sources */,
 				273440CA263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-stream.c in Sources */,
 				273440CD263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-page.c in Sources */,
+				27F2F0622710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-crypto.c in Sources */,
+				27F2F0642711243D008ECD36 /* pdfio-sha256.c in Sources */,
 				273440C5263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-array.c in Sources */,
 				273440E4263DD7EA00FBFD63 /* pdfio-token.c in Sources */,
 				273440C7263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-object.c in Sources */,
+				27F2F0602710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-md5.c in Sources */,
 				273440C4263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-string.c in Sources */,
+				27CF90442711DFFE00E50FE4 /* pdfio-aes.c in Sources */,
 				271EA705265B2B1000ACDD39 /* pdfio-content.c in Sources */,
+				27F2F0612710BE92008ECD36 /* pdfio-rc4.c in Sources */,
 				273440C6263D727800FBFD63 /* pdfio-common.c in Sources */,
 			);
 			runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing = 0;

pdfio1.def

@@ -1,9 +1,67 @@
 LIBRARY pdfio1
 VERSION 1.0
 EXPORTS
+_pdfioArrayDebug
+_pdfioArrayDelete
+_pdfioArrayGetValue
+_pdfioArrayRead
+_pdfioArrayWrite
+_pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt
+_pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt
+_pdfioCryptoAESInit
+_pdfioCryptoLock
+_pdfioCryptoMD5Append
+_pdfioCryptoMD5Finish
+_pdfioCryptoMD5Init
+_pdfioCryptoMakeRandom
+_pdfioCryptoMakeReader
+_pdfioCryptoMakeWriter
+_pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt
+_pdfioCryptoRC4Init
+_pdfioCryptoSHA256Append
+_pdfioCryptoSHA256Finish
+_pdfioCryptoSHA256Init
+_pdfioCryptoUnlock
+_pdfioDictClear
+_pdfioDictDebug
+_pdfioDictDelete
+_pdfioDictGetValue
+_pdfioDictRead
+_pdfioDictSetValue
+_pdfioDictWrite
+_pdfioFileAddMappedObj
+_pdfioFileAddPage
+_pdfioFileConsume
+_pdfioFileCreateObj
+_pdfioFileDefaultError
+_pdfioFileError
+_pdfioFileFindMappedObj
+_pdfioFileFlush
+_pdfioFileGetChar
+_pdfioFileGets
+_pdfioFilePeek
+_pdfioFilePrintf
+_pdfioFilePuts
+_pdfioFileRead
+_pdfioFileSeek
+_pdfioFileTell
+_pdfioFileWrite
+_pdfioObjDelete
+_pdfioObjLoad
+_pdfioStreamCreate
+_pdfioStreamOpen
+_pdfioStringIsAllocated
+_pdfioTokenClear
+_pdfioTokenFlush
+_pdfioTokenGet
 _pdfioTokenInit
+_pdfioTokenPush
+_pdfioTokenRead
+_pdfioValueCopy
 _pdfioValueDebug
+_pdfioValueDelete
 _pdfioValueRead
+_pdfioValueWrite
 pdfioArrayAppendArray
 pdfioArrayAppendBinary
 pdfioArrayAppendBoolean
@@ -130,6 +188,7 @@ pdfioFileGetNumObjs
 pdfioFileGetNumPages
 pdfioFileGetObj
 pdfioFileGetPage
+pdfioFileGetPermissions
 pdfioFileGetProducer
 pdfioFileGetSubject
 pdfioFileGetTitle
@@ -139,6 +198,7 @@ pdfioFileSetAuthor
 pdfioFileSetCreationDate
 pdfioFileSetCreator
 pdfioFileSetKeywords
+pdfioFileSetPermissions
 pdfioFileSetSubject
 pdfioFileSetTitle
 pdfioImageGetBytesPerLine

testpdfio.c

@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@
 // Local functions...
 //
 
+static int	do_crypto_tests(void);
 static int	do_test_file(const char *filename, int objnum, bool verbose);
 static int	do_unit_tests(void);
 static int	draw_image(pdfio_stream_t *st, const char *name, double x, double y, double w, double h, const char *label);
 static bool	error_cb(pdfio_file_t *pdf, const char *message, bool *error);
 static ssize_t	output_cb(int *fd, const void *buffer, size_t bytes);
+static const char *password_cb(void *data, const char *filename);
 static int	read_unit_file(const char *filename, size_t num_pages, size_t first_image, bool is_output);
 static ssize_t	token_consume_cb(const char **s, size_t bytes);
 static ssize_t	token_peek_cb(const char **s, char *buffer, size_t bytes);
@@ -111,6 +113,249 @@ main(int  argc,				// I - Number of command-line arguments
 }
 
 
+//
+// 'do_crypto_tests()' - Test the various cryptographic functions in PDFio.
+//
+
+static int				// O - Exit status
+do_crypto_tests(void)
+{
+  int		ret = 0;		// Return value
+  size_t	i;			// Looping var
+  _pdfio_aes_t	aes;			// AES context
+  _pdfio_md5_t	md5;			// MD5 context
+  _pdfio_rc4_t	rc4;			// RC4 context
+  _pdfio_sha256_t sha256;		// SHA256 context
+  uint8_t	key[32],		// Encryption/decryption key
+	        iv[32],			// Initialization vector
+	        buffer[256],		// Output buffer
+	        buffer2[256];		// Second output buffer
+  const char	*prefix, *suffix;	// Prefix/suffix strings
+  static const char *text = "Hello, World! Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country.\n";
+					// Test text
+  static uint8_t aes128key[] = { 0x2b, 0x7e, 0x15, 0x16, 0x28, 0xae, 0xd2, 0xa6, 0xab, 0xf7, 0x15, 0x88, 0x09, 0xcf, 0x4f, 0x3c };
+  static uint8_t aes128rounds[] = { 0x2b, 0x7e, 0x15, 0x16, 0x28, 0xae, 0xd2, 0xa6, 0xab, 0xf7, 0x15, 0x88, 0x09, 0xcf, 0x4f, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0xfa, 0xfe, 0x17, 0x88, 0x54, 0x2c, 0xb1, 0x23, 0xa3, 0x39, 0x39, 0x2a, 0x6c, 0x76, 0x05, 0xf2, 0xc2, 0x95, 0xf2, 0x7a, 0x96, 0xb9, 0x43, 0x59, 0x35, 0x80, 0x7a, 0x73, 0x59, 0xf6, 0x7f, 0x3d, 0x80, 0x47, 0x7d, 0x47, 0x16, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x1e, 0x23, 0x7e, 0x44, 0x6d, 0x7a, 0x88, 0x3b, 0xef, 0x44, 0xa5, 0x41, 0xa8, 0x52, 0x5b, 0x7f, 0xb6, 0x71, 0x25, 0x3b, 0xdb, 0x0b, 0xad, 0x00, 0xd4, 0xd1, 0xc6, 0xf8, 0x7c, 0x83, 0x9d, 0x87, 0xca, 0xf2, 0xb8, 0xbc, 0x11, 0xf9, 0x15, 0xbc, 0x6d, 0x88, 0xa3, 0x7a, 0x11, 0x0b, 0x3e, 0xfd, 0xdb, 0xf9, 0x86, 0x41, 0xca, 0x00, 0x93, 0xfd, 0x4e, 0x54, 0xf7, 0x0e, 0x5f, 0x5f, 0xc9, 0xf3, 0x84, 0xa6, 0x4f, 0xb2, 0x4e, 0xa6, 0xdc, 0x4f, 0xea, 0xd2, 0x73, 0x21, 0xb5, 0x8d, 0xba, 0xd2, 0x31, 0x2b, 0xf5, 0x60, 0x7f, 0x8d, 0x29, 0x2f, 0xac, 0x77, 0x66, 0xf3, 0x19, 0xfa, 0xdc, 0x21, 0x28, 0xd1, 0x29, 0x41, 0x57, 0x5c, 0x00, 0x6e, 0xd0, 0x14, 0xf9, 0xa8, 0xc9, 0xee, 0x25, 0x89, 0xe1, 0x3f, 0x0c, 0xc8, 0xb6, 0x63, 0x0c, 0xa6 };
+					// FIPS-197 example key expansion
+  static uint8_t aes128text[] =  { 0xfb, 0x77, 0xac, 0xce, 0x3c, 0x95, 0x40, 0xcf, 0xca, 0xc8, 0x26, 0xbf, 0xc0, 0x69, 0x73, 0x3c, 0x01, 0xfd, 0x72, 0x01, 0xeb, 0x4d, 0x6f, 0xf7, 0xb4, 0x72, 0x6d, 0x84, 0x69, 0x9f, 0x89, 0xab, 0xe6, 0x2b, 0x9a, 0x9a, 0x6e, 0xc1, 0x61, 0xd7, 0x9d, 0x83, 0x2d, 0x58, 0x55, 0xa7, 0x58, 0x50, 0x00, 0xad, 0x19, 0x7b, 0xee, 0x6a, 0x36, 0x6f, 0xd1, 0xa7, 0xa4, 0x6b, 0xc5, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x18, 0x05, 0xf0, 0x2c, 0xd4, 0x60, 0x25, 0xe0, 0xa7, 0xb1, 0x36, 0xdb, 0x18, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0x59, 0x29, 0x22, 0xec, 0x25, 0x77, 0x0d, 0x9e, 0x5a, 0x01, 0xcc, 0xf6, 0x29, 0xc2, 0x08, 0xc2, 0xfc, 0x4f };
+					// Expected AES-128 CBC result
+  static uint8_t aes256text[] =  { 0x2b, 0x94, 0x45, 0x9e, 0xed, 0xa0, 0x89, 0x7b, 0x35, 0x4e, 0xde, 0x06, 0x00, 0x4d, 0xda, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x2f, 0xb9, 0x06, 0xd5, 0x0f, 0x22, 0xed, 0xd2, 0xe3, 0x6b, 0x39, 0x5a, 0xa1, 0xe3, 0x7d, 0xa1, 0xcc, 0xd4, 0x0b, 0x6b, 0xa4, 0xff, 0xe9, 0x9c, 0x89, 0x0c, 0xc7, 0x95, 0x47, 0x19, 0x9b, 0x06, 0xdc, 0xc8, 0x7c, 0x5c, 0x5d, 0x56, 0x99, 0x1e, 0x90, 0x7d, 0x99, 0xc5, 0x7b, 0xc4, 0xe4, 0xfb, 0x02, 0x15, 0x50, 0x23, 0x2a, 0xe4, 0xc1, 0x20, 0xfd, 0xf4, 0x03, 0xfe, 0x6f, 0x15, 0x48, 0xd8, 0x62, 0x36, 0x98, 0x2a, 0x62, 0xf5, 0x2c, 0xa6, 0xfa, 0x7a, 0x43, 0x53, 0xcd, 0xad, 0x18 };
+					// Expected AES-256 CBC result
+  static uint8_t md5text[16] = { 0x74, 0x0c, 0x2c, 0xea, 0xe1, 0xab, 0x06, 0x7c, 0xdb, 0x1d, 0x49, 0x1d, 0x2d, 0x66, 0xf2, 0x93 };
+					// Expected MD5 hash result
+  static uint8_t rc4text[] = { 0xd2, 0xa2, 0xa0, 0xf6, 0x0f, 0xb1, 0x3e, 0xa0, 0xdd, 0xe1, 0x44, 0xfd, 0xec, 0xc4, 0x55, 0xf8, 0x25, 0x68, 0xad, 0xe6, 0xb0, 0x60, 0x7a, 0x0f, 0x4e, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x9c, 0x78, 0x3a, 0xf8, 0x73, 0x79, 0xbd, 0x82, 0x88, 0x39, 0x01, 0xc7, 0xd0, 0x34, 0xfe, 0x40, 0x16, 0x93, 0x5a, 0xec, 0x81, 0xda, 0x34, 0xdf, 0x5b, 0xd1, 0x47, 0x2c, 0xfa, 0xe0, 0x13, 0xc5, 0xe2, 0xb0, 0x57, 0x5c, 0x17, 0x62, 0xaa, 0x83, 0x1c, 0x4f, 0xa0, 0x0a, 0xed, 0x6c, 0x42, 0x41, 0x8a, 0x45, 0x03, 0xb8, 0x72, 0xa8, 0x99, 0xd7, 0x06 };
+					// Expected RC4 result
+  static uint8_t sha256text[32] = { 0x19, 0x71, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0xc6, 0xd8, 0x34, 0xc9, 0x6e, 0x8a, 0x56, 0xcc, 0x34, 0x45, 0xb7, 0x1d, 0x5b, 0x74, 0x9c, 0x52, 0x40, 0xcd, 0x30, 0xa2, 0xc2, 0x84, 0x53, 0x83, 0x16, 0xf8, 0x1a, 0xbb };
+					// Expected SHA-256 hash result
+
+
+  fputs("_pdfioAESInit(128-bit sample key): ", stdout);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&aes, aes128key, sizeof(aes128key), NULL);
+  if (!memcmp(aes128rounds, aes.round_key, sizeof(aes128rounds)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(aes128rounds) - 4); i ++)
+    {
+      if (aes.round_key[i] != aes128rounds[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = i < (sizeof(aes128rounds) - 4) ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, aes.round_key[i], aes.round_key[i + 1], aes.round_key[i + 2], aes.round_key[i + 3], suffix, prefix, aes128rounds[i], aes128rounds[i + 1], aes128rounds[i + 2], aes128rounds[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioAESInit/Encrypt(128-bit CBC): ", stdout);
+  for (i = 0; i < 16; i ++)
+  {
+    key[i] = (uint8_t)i + 1;
+    iv[i]  = (uint8_t)(0xff - i);
+  }
+
+  _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&aes, key, 16, iv);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt(&aes, buffer, (uint8_t *)text, strlen(text));
+
+  if (!memcmp(aes128text, buffer, sizeof(aes128text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(aes128text) - 4); i ++)
+    {
+      if (buffer[i] != aes128text[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = i < (sizeof(aes128text) - 4) ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, buffer[i], buffer[i + 1], buffer[i + 2], buffer[i + 3], suffix, prefix, aes128text[i], aes128text[i + 1], aes128text[i + 2], aes128text[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioAESInit/Decrypt(128-bit CBC): ", stdout);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&aes, key, 16, iv);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt(&aes, buffer2, buffer, sizeof(aes128text));
+
+  if (!memcmp(buffer2, text, strlen(text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; text[i + 4]; i ++)
+    {
+      if (buffer2[i] != text[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = text[i + 4] ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, buffer2[i], buffer2[i + 1], buffer2[i + 2], buffer2[i + 3], suffix, prefix, text[i], text[i + 1], text[i + 2], text[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioAESInit/Encrypt(256-bit CBC): ", stdout);
+  for (i = 0; i < 32; i ++)
+  {
+    key[i] = (uint8_t)i + 1;
+    iv[i]  = (uint8_t)(0xff - i);
+  }
+
+  _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&aes, key, 32, iv);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESEncrypt(&aes, buffer, (uint8_t *)text, strlen(text));
+
+  if (!memcmp(aes256text, buffer, sizeof(aes256text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(aes256text) - 4); i ++)
+    {
+      if (buffer[i] != aes256text[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = i < (sizeof(aes256text) - 4) ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, buffer[i], buffer[i + 1], buffer[i + 2], buffer[i + 3], suffix, prefix, aes256text[i], aes256text[i + 1], aes256text[i + 2], aes256text[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioAESInit/Decrypt(256-bit CBC): ", stdout);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESInit(&aes, key, 32, iv);
+  _pdfioCryptoAESDecrypt(&aes, buffer2, buffer, sizeof(aes256text));
+
+  if (!memcmp(buffer2, text, strlen(text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; text[i + 4]; i ++)
+    {
+      if (buffer2[i] != text[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = text[i + 4] ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, buffer2[i], buffer2[i + 1], buffer2[i + 2], buffer2[i + 3], suffix, prefix, text[i], text[i + 1], text[i + 2], text[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioMD5Init/Append/Finish: ", stdout);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Init(&md5);
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Append(&md5, (uint8_t *)text, strlen(text));
+  _pdfioCryptoMD5Finish(&md5, buffer);
+
+  if (!memcmp(md5text, buffer, sizeof(md5text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    printf("FAIL (got '%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X', expected '%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X')\n", buffer[0], buffer[1], buffer[2], buffer[3], buffer[12], buffer[13], buffer[14], buffer[15], md5text[0], md5text[1], md5text[2], md5text[3], md5text[12], md5text[13], md5text[14], md5text[15]);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioRC4Init/Encrypt(128-bit): ", stdout);
+  for (i = 0; i < 16; i ++)
+    key[i] = (uint8_t)i + 1;
+
+  _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, key, 16);
+  _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, buffer, (uint8_t *)text, strlen(text));
+
+  if (!memcmp(rc4text, buffer, sizeof(rc4text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(rc4text) - 4); i ++)
+    {
+      if (buffer[i] != rc4text[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = i < (sizeof(rc4text) - 4) ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, buffer[i], buffer[i + 1], buffer[i + 2], buffer[i + 3], suffix, prefix, rc4text[i], rc4text[i + 1], rc4text[i + 2], rc4text[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioRC4Init/Decrypt(128-bit): ", stdout);
+  _pdfioCryptoRC4Init(&rc4, key, 16);
+  _pdfioCryptoRC4Crypt(&rc4, buffer2, buffer, strlen(text));
+
+  if (!memcmp(buffer2, text, strlen(text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    for (i = 0; text[i + 4]; i ++)
+    {
+      if (buffer2[i] != text[i])
+        break;
+    }
+
+    prefix = i > 0 ? "..." : "";
+    suffix = text[i + 4] ? "..." : "";
+
+    printf("FAIL (got '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s', expected '%s%02X%02X%02X%02X%s')\n", prefix, buffer2[i], buffer2[i + 1], buffer2[i + 2], buffer2[i + 3], suffix, prefix, text[i], text[i + 1], text[i + 2], text[i + 3], suffix);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  fputs("_pdfioSHA256Init/Append/Finish: ", stdout);
+  _pdfioCryptoSHA256Init(&sha256);
+  _pdfioCryptoSHA256Append(&sha256, (uint8_t *)text, strlen(text));
+  _pdfioCryptoSHA256Finish(&sha256, buffer);
+
+  if (!memcmp(sha256text, buffer, sizeof(sha256text)))
+  {
+    puts("PASS");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    printf("FAIL (got '%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X', expected '%02X%02X%02X%02X...%02X%02X%02X%02X')\n", buffer[0], buffer[1], buffer[2], buffer[3], buffer[28], buffer[29], buffer[30], buffer[31], sha256text[0], sha256text[1], sha256text[2], sha256text[3], sha256text[28], sha256text[29], sha256text[30], sha256text[31]);
+    ret = 1;
+  }
+
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+
 //
 // 'do_test_file()' - Try loading a PDF file and listing pages and objects.
 //
@@ -726,7 +971,7 @@ do_unit_tests(void)
   fputs("_pdfioValueRead(complex_dict): ", stdout);
   s = complex_dict;
   _pdfioTokenInit(&tb, inpdf, (_pdfio_tconsume_cb_t)token_consume_cb, (_pdfio_tpeek_cb_t)token_peek_cb, (void *)&s);
-  if (_pdfioValueRead(inpdf, &tb, &value))
+  if (_pdfioValueRead(inpdf, NULL, &tb, &value))
   {
     // TODO: Check value...
     fputs("PASS: ", stdout);
@@ -740,7 +985,7 @@ do_unit_tests(void)
   fputs("_pdfioValueRead(cid_dict): ", stdout);
   s = cid_dict;
   _pdfioTokenInit(&tb, inpdf, (_pdfio_tconsume_cb_t)token_consume_cb, (_pdfio_tpeek_cb_t)token_peek_cb, (void *)&s);
-  if (_pdfioValueRead(inpdf, &tb, &value))
+  if (_pdfioValueRead(inpdf, NULL, &tb, &value))
   {
     // TODO: Check value...
     fputs("PASS: ", stdout);
@@ -750,6 +995,10 @@ do_unit_tests(void)
   else
     goto fail;
 
+  // Do crypto tests...
+  if (do_crypto_tests())
+    return (1);
+
   // Create a new PDF file...
   fputs("pdfioFileCreate(\"testpdfio-out.pdf\", ...): ", stdout);
   if ((outpdf = pdfioFileCreate("testpdfio-out.pdf", NULL, NULL, NULL, (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
@@ -763,7 +1012,7 @@ do_unit_tests(void)
   if (read_unit_file("testpdfio-out.pdf", num_pages, first_image, false))
     goto fail;
 
-  // Create a new PDF file...
+  // Stream a new PDF file...
   if ((outfd = open("testpdfio-out2.pdf", O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY | O_BINARY, 0666)) < 0)
   {
     perror("Unable to open \"testpdfio-out2.pdf\"");
@@ -784,6 +1033,80 @@ do_unit_tests(void)
   if (read_unit_file("testpdfio-out2.pdf", num_pages, first_image, true))
     goto fail;
 
+  // Create new encrypted PDF files...
+  fputs("pdfioFileCreate(\"testpdfio-rc4.pdf\", ...): ", stdout);
+  if ((outpdf = pdfioFileCreate("testpdfio-rc4.pdf", NULL, NULL, NULL, (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  fputs("pdfioFileSetPermissions(all, RC4-128, no passwords): ", stdout);
+  if (pdfioFileSetPermissions(outpdf, PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL, PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128, NULL, NULL))
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  if (write_unit_file(inpdf, outpdf, &num_pages, &first_image))
+    return (1);
+
+  if (read_unit_file("testpdfio-rc4.pdf", num_pages, first_image, false))
+    return (1);
+
+  // Create new encrypted PDF files...
+  fputs("pdfioFileCreate(\"testpdfio-rc4p.pdf\", ...): ", stdout);
+  if ((outpdf = pdfioFileCreate("testpdfio-rc4p.pdf", NULL, NULL, NULL, (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  fputs("pdfioFileSetPermissions(no-print, RC4-128, passwords='owner' and 'user'): ", stdout);
+  if (pdfioFileSetPermissions(outpdf, PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL ^ PDFIO_PERMISSION_PRINT, PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_RC4_128, "owner", "user"))
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  if (write_unit_file(inpdf, outpdf, &num_pages, &first_image))
+    return (1);
+
+  if (read_unit_file("testpdfio-rc4p.pdf", num_pages, first_image, false))
+    return (1);
+
+  fputs("pdfioFileCreate(\"testpdfio-aes.pdf\", ...): ", stdout);
+  if ((outpdf = pdfioFileCreate("testpdfio-aes.pdf", NULL, NULL, NULL, (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  fputs("pdfioFileSetPermissions(all, AES-128, no passwords): ", stdout);
+  if (pdfioFileSetPermissions(outpdf, PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL, PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128, NULL, NULL))
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  if (write_unit_file(inpdf, outpdf, &num_pages, &first_image))
+    return (1);
+
+  if (read_unit_file("testpdfio-aes.pdf", num_pages, first_image, false))
+    return (1);
+
+  fputs("pdfioFileCreate(\"testpdfio-aesp.pdf\", ...): ", stdout);
+  if ((outpdf = pdfioFileCreate("testpdfio-aesp.pdf", NULL, NULL, NULL, (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  fputs("pdfioFileSetPermissions(no-print, AES-128, passwords='owner' and 'user'): ", stdout);
+  if (pdfioFileSetPermissions(outpdf, PDFIO_PERMISSION_ALL ^ PDFIO_PERMISSION_PRINT, PDFIO_ENCRYPTION_AES_128, "owner", "user"))
+    puts("PASS");
+  else
+    return (1);
+
+  if (write_unit_file(inpdf, outpdf, &num_pages, &first_image))
+    return (1);
+
+  if (read_unit_file("testpdfio-aesp.pdf", num_pages, first_image, false))
+    return (1);
+
   pdfioFileClose(inpdf);
 
   return (0);
@@ -889,6 +1212,20 @@ output_cb(int        *fd,		// I - File descriptor
 }
 
 
+//
+// 'password_cb()' - Password callback for PDF file.
+//
+
+static const char *			// O - Password string
+password_cb(void       *data,		// I - Callback data
+            const char *filename)	// I - Filename (not used)
+{
+  (void)filename;
+
+  return ((const char *)data);
+}
+
+
 //
 // 'read_unit_file()' - Read back a unit test file and confirm its contents.
 //
@@ -906,7 +1243,7 @@ read_unit_file(const char *filename,	// I - File to read
 
   // Open the new PDF file to read it...
   printf("pdfioFileOpen(\"%s\", ...): ", filename);
-  if ((pdf = pdfioFileOpen(filename, /*password_cb*/NULL, /*password_data*/NULL, (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
+  if ((pdf = pdfioFileOpen(filename, password_cb, (void *)"user", (pdfio_error_cb_t)error_cb, &error)) != NULL)
     puts("PASS");
   else
     return (1);