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WebP Container Specification
============================

* TOC placeholder
{:toc}


Introduction
------------

WebP is an image format that uses either (i) the VP8 key frame encoding
to compress image data in a lossy way, or (ii) the WebP lossless encoding
(and possibly other encodings in the future). These encoding schemes should
make it more efficient than currently used formats. It is optimized for fast
image transfer over the network (e.g., for websites). The WebP format has
feature parity (color profile, metadata, animation, etc.) with other formats as
well. This document describes the structure of a WebP file.

The WebP container (i.e., RIFF container for WebP) allows feature support over
and above the basic use case of WebP (i.e., a file containing a single image
encoded as a VP8 key frame). The WebP container provides additional support
for:

  * **Lossless compression.** An image can be losslessly compressed, using the
    WebP Lossless Format.

  * **Metadata.** An image may have metadata stored in Exif or XMP formats.

  * **Transparency.** An image may have transparency, i.e., an alpha channel.

  * **Color Profile.** An image may have an embedded ICC profile as described
    by the [International Color Consortium][iccspec].

  * **Animation.** An image may have multiple frames with pauses between them,
    making it an animation.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD",
"SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC 2119][] [RFC 8174][]
when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Bit numbering in chunk diagrams starts at `0` for the most significant bit
('MSB 0') as described in [RFC 1166][].

Terminology & Basics
--------------------

A WebP file contains either a still image (i.e., an encoded matrix of pixels)
or an [animation](#animation). Optionally, it can also contain transparency
information, color profile and metadata. In case we need to refer only to the
matrix of pixels, we will call it the _canvas_ of the image.

Below are additional terms used throughout this document:

_Reader/Writer_

: Code that reads WebP files is referred to as a _reader_, while code that
  writes them is referred to as a _writer_.

_uint16_

: A 16-bit, little-endian, unsigned integer.

_uint24_

: A 24-bit, little-endian, unsigned integer.

_uint32_

: A 32-bit, little-endian, unsigned integer.

_FourCC_

: A _FourCC_ (four-character code) is a _uint32_ created by concatenating four
  ASCII characters in little-endian order. This means 'aaaa' (0x61616161) and
 'AAAA' (0x41414141) are treated as different _FourCCs_.

_1-based_

: An unsigned integer field storing values offset by `-1`. e.g., Such a field
  would store value _25_ as _24_.

_ChunkHeader('ABCD')_

: This is used to describe the _FourCC_ and _Chunk Size_ header of individual
  chunks, where 'ABCD' is the FourCC for the chunk. This element's size is 8
  bytes.


RIFF File Format
----------------

The WebP file format is based on the RIFF (Resource Interchange File Format)
document format.

The basic element of a RIFF file is a _chunk_. It consists of:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                         Chunk FourCC                          |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                          Chunk Size                           |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                         Chunk Payload                         :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Chunk FourCC: 32 bits

: ASCII four-character code used for chunk identification.

Chunk Size: 32 bits (_uint32_)

: The size of the chunk in bytes, not including this field, the chunk
  identifier or padding.

Chunk Payload: _Chunk Size_ bytes

: The data payload. If _Chunk Size_ is odd, a single padding byte -- that MUST
  be `0` to conform with RIFF -- is added.

**Note:** RIFF has a convention that all-uppercase chunk FourCCs are standard
chunks that apply to any RIFF file format, while FourCCs specific to a file
format are all lowercase. WebP does not follow this convention.


WebP File Header
----------------

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |      'R'      |      'I'      |      'F'      |      'F'      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                           File Size                           |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |      'W'      |      'E'      |      'B'      |      'P'      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

'RIFF': 32 bits

: The ASCII characters 'R' 'I' 'F' 'F'.

File Size: 32 bits (_uint32_)

: The size of the file in bytes starting at offset 8. The maximum value of
  this field is 2^32 minus 10 bytes and thus the size of the whole file is at
  most 4GiB minus 2 bytes.

'WEBP': 32 bits

: The ASCII characters 'W' 'E' 'B' 'P'.

A WebP file MUST begin with a RIFF header with the FourCC 'WEBP'. The file size
in the header is the total size of the chunks that follow plus `4` bytes for
the 'WEBP' FourCC. The file SHOULD NOT contain any data after the data
specified by _File Size_. Readers MAY parse such files, ignoring the trailing
data. As the size of any chunk is even, the size given by the RIFF header is
also even. The contents of individual chunks will be described in the following
sections.


Simple File Format (Lossy)
--------------------------

This layout SHOULD be used if the image requires _lossy_ encoding and does not
require transparency or other advanced features provided by the extended format.
Files with this layout are smaller and supported by older software.

Simple WebP (lossy) file format:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                                                               |
    |                    WebP file header (12 bytes)                |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                          VP8 chunk                            :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

VP8 chunk:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('VP8 ')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                           VP8 data                            :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

VP8 data: _Chunk Size_ bytes

: VP8 bitstream data.

Note the fourth character in the 'VP8 ' FourCC is an ASCII space (0x20).

The VP8 bitstream format specification can be found at [VP8 Data Format and
Decoding Guide][vp8spec]. Note that the VP8 frame header contains the VP8 frame
width and height. That is assumed to be the width and height of the canvas.

The VP8 specification describes how to decode the image into Y'CbCr format. To
convert to RGB, Rec. 601 SHOULD be used. Applications MAY use another
conversion method, but visual results may differ among decoders.


Simple File Format (Lossless)
-----------------------------

**Note:** Older readers may not support files using the lossless format.

This layout SHOULD be used if the image requires _lossless_ encoding (with an
optional transparency channel) and does not require advanced features provided
by the extended format.

Simple WebP (lossless) file format:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                                                               |
    |                    WebP file header (12 bytes)                |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                          VP8L chunk                           :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

VP8L chunk:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('VP8L')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                           VP8L data                           :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

VP8L data: _Chunk Size_ bytes

: VP8L bitstream data.

The current specification of the VP8L bitstream can be found at
[WebP Lossless Bitstream Format][webpllspec]. Note that the VP8L header
contains the VP8L image width and height. That is assumed to be the width
and height of the canvas.


Extended File Format
--------------------

**Note:** Older readers may not support files using the extended format.

An extended format file consists of:

  * A 'VP8X' chunk with information about features used in the file.

  * An optional 'ICCP' chunk with color profile.

  * An optional 'ANIM' chunk with animation control data.

  * Image data.

  * An optional 'EXIF' chunk with Exif metadata.

  * An optional 'XMP ' chunk with XMP metadata.

  * An optional list of [unknown chunks](#unknown-chunks).

For a _still image_, the _image data_ consists of a single frame, which is made
up of:

  * An optional [alpha subchunk](#alpha).

  * A [bitstream subchunk](#bitstream-vp8vp8l).

For an _animated image_, the _image data_ consists of multiple frames. More
details about frames can be found in the [Animation](#animation) section.

All chunks SHOULD be placed in the same order as listed above. If a chunk
appears in the wrong place, the file is invalid, but readers MAY parse the
file, ignoring the chunks that are out of order.

**Rationale:** Setting the order of chunks should allow quicker file
parsing. For example, if an 'ALPH' chunk does not appear in its required
position, a decoder can choose to stop searching for it. The rule of
ignoring late chunks should make programs that need to do a full search
give the same results as the ones stopping early.

Extended WebP file header:
{:#extended_header}

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                                                               |
    |                   WebP file header (12 bytes)                 |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('VP8X')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |Rsv|I|L|E|X|A|R|                   Reserved                    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |          Canvas Width Minus One               |             ...
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ...  Canvas Height Minus One    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Reserved (Rsv): 2 bits

: MUST be `0`. Readers MUST ignore this field.

ICC profile (I): 1 bit

: Set if the file contains an ICC profile.

Alpha (L): 1 bit

: Set if any of the frames of the image contain transparency information
  ("alpha").

Exif metadata (E): 1 bit

: Set if the file contains Exif metadata.

XMP metadata (X): 1 bit

: Set if the file contains XMP metadata.

Animation (A): 1 bit

: Set if this is an animated image. Data in 'ANIM' and 'ANMF' chunks should be
  used to control the animation.

Reserved (R): 1 bit

: MUST be `0`. Readers MUST ignore this field.

Reserved: 24 bits

: MUST be `0`. Readers MUST ignore this field.

Canvas Width Minus One: 24 bits

: _1-based_ width of the canvas in pixels.
  The actual canvas width is `1 + Canvas Width Minus One`.

Canvas Height Minus One: 24 bits

: _1-based_ height of the canvas in pixels.
  The actual canvas height is `1 + Canvas Height Minus One`.

The product of _Canvas Width_ and _Canvas Height_ MUST be at most `2^32 - 1`.

Future specifications may add more fields. Unknown fields MUST be ignored.

### Chunks

#### Animation

An animation is controlled by ANIM and ANMF chunks.

ANIM Chunk:
{:#anim_chunk}

For an animated image, this chunk contains the _global parameters_ of the
animation.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('ANIM')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                       Background Color                        |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |          Loop Count           |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Background Color: 32 bits (_uint32_)

: The default background color of the canvas in \[Blue, Green, Red, Alpha\]
  byte order. This color MAY be used to fill the unused space on the canvas
  around the frames, as well as the transparent pixels of the first frame.
  Background color is also used when disposal method is `1`.

**Note**:

  * Background color MAY contain a non-opaque alpha value, even if the _Alpha_
    flag in [VP8X chunk](#extended_header) is unset.

  * Viewer applications SHOULD treat the background color value as a hint, and
    are not required to use it.

  * The canvas is cleared at the start of each loop. The background color MAY be
    used to achieve this.

Loop Count: 16 bits (_uint16_)

: The number of times to loop the animation. `0` means infinitely.

This chunk MUST appear if the _Animation_ flag in the VP8X chunk is set.
If the _Animation_ flag is not set and this chunk is present, it MUST be
ignored.

ANMF chunk:

For animated images, this chunk contains information about a _single_ frame.
If the _Animation flag_ is not set, then this chunk SHOULD NOT be present.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('ANMF')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                        Frame X                |             ...
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ...          Frame Y            |   Frame Width Minus One     ...
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ...             |           Frame Height Minus One              |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Frame Duration                |  Reserved |B|D|
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                         Frame Data                            :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Frame X: 24 bits (_uint24_)

: The X coordinate of the upper left corner of the frame is `Frame X * 2`.

Frame Y: 24 bits (_uint24_)

: The Y coordinate of the upper left corner of the frame is `Frame Y * 2`.

Frame Width Minus One: 24 bits (_uint24_)

: The _1-based_ width of the frame.
  The frame width is `1 + Frame Width Minus One`.

Frame Height Minus One: 24 bits (_uint24_)

: The _1-based_ height of the frame.
  The frame height is `1 + Frame Height Minus One`.

Frame Duration: 24 bits (_uint24_)

: The time to wait before displaying the next frame, in 1 millisecond units.
  Note the interpretation of frame duration of 0 (and often <= 10) is
  implementation defined. Many tools and browsers assign a minimum duration
  similar to GIF.

Reserved: 6 bits

: MUST be `0`. Readers MUST ignore this field.

Blending method (B): 1 bit

: Indicates how transparent pixels of _the current frame_ are to be blended
  with corresponding pixels of the previous canvas:

    * `0`: Use alpha blending. After disposing of the previous frame, render the
      current frame on the canvas using [alpha-blending](#alpha-blending). If
      the current frame does not have an alpha channel, assume alpha value of
      255, effectively replacing the rectangle.

    * `1`: Do not blend. After disposing of the previous frame, render the
      current frame on the canvas by overwriting the rectangle covered by the
      current frame.

Disposal method (D): 1 bit

: Indicates how _the current frame_ is to be treated after it has been
  displayed (before rendering the next frame) on the canvas:

    * `0`: Do not dispose. Leave the canvas as is.

    * `1`: Dispose to background color. Fill the _rectangle_ on the canvas
      covered by the _current frame_ with background color specified in the
      [ANIM chunk](#anim_chunk).

**Notes**:

  * The frame disposal only applies to the _frame rectangle_, that is, the
    rectangle defined by _Frame X_, _Frame Y_, _frame width_ and _frame height_.
    It may or may not cover the whole canvas.

{:#alpha-blending}
  * **Alpha-blending**:

    Given that each of the R, G, B and A channels is 8-bit, and the RGB
    channels are _not premultiplied_ by alpha, the formula for blending
    'dst' onto 'src' is:

~~~~~
    blend.A = src.A + dst.A * (1 - src.A / 255)
    if blend.A = 0 then
      blend.RGB = 0
    else
      blend.RGB =
          (src.RGB * src.A +
           dst.RGB * dst.A * (1 - src.A / 255)) / blend.A
~~~~~

  * Alpha-blending SHOULD be done in linear color space, by taking into account
    the [color profile](#color-profile) of the image. If the color profile is
    not present, sRGB is to be assumed. (Note that sRGB also needs to be
    linearized due to a gamma of ~2.2).

Frame Data: _Chunk Size_ - `16` bytes

: Consists of:

  * An optional [alpha subchunk](#alpha) for the frame.

  * A [bitstream subchunk](#bitstream-vp8vp8l) for the frame.

  * An optional list of [unknown chunks](#unknown-chunks).

**Note**: The 'ANMF' payload, _Frame Data_ above, consists of individual
_padded_ chunks as described by the [RIFF file format](#riff-file-format).

#### Alpha

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('ALPH')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |Rsv| P | F | C |     Alpha Bitstream...                        |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Reserved (Rsv): 2 bits

: MUST be `0`. Readers MUST ignore this field.

Pre-processing (P): 2 bits

: These _informative_ bits are used to signal the pre-processing that has
  been performed during compression. The decoder can use this information to
  e.g. dither the values or smooth the gradients prior to display.

    * `0`: No pre-processing.
    * `1`: Level reduction.

Filtering method (F): 2 bits

: The filtering method used:

    * `0`: None.
    * `1`: Horizontal filter.
    * `2`: Vertical filter.
    * `3`: Gradient filter.

For each pixel, filtering is performed using the following calculations.
Assume the alpha values surrounding the current `X` position are labeled as:

     C | B |
    ---+---+
     A | X |

We seek to compute the alpha value at position `X`. First, a prediction is
made depending on the filtering method:

  * Method `0`: predictor = 0
  * Method `1`: predictor = A
  * Method `2`: predictor = B
  * Method `3`: predictor = clip(A + B - C)

where `clip(v)` is equal to:

  * 0    if v < 0
  * 255  if v > 255
  * v    otherwise

The final value is derived by adding the decompressed value `X` to the
predictor and using modulo-256 arithmetic to wrap the \[256..511\] range
into the \[0..255\] one:

`alpha = (predictor + X) % 256`

There are special cases for the left-most and top-most pixel positions:

  * The top-left value at location (0, 0) uses 0 as predictor value. Otherwise,
  * For horizontal or gradient filtering methods, the left-most pixels at
    location (0, y) are predicted using the location (0, y-1) just above.
  * For vertical or gradient filtering methods, the top-most pixels at
    location (x, 0) are predicted using the location (x-1, 0) on the left.


Decoders are not required to use this information in any specified way.

Compression method (C): 2 bits

: The compression method used:

    * `0`: No compression.
    * `1`: Compressed using the WebP lossless format.

Alpha bitstream: _Chunk Size_ - `1` bytes

: Encoded alpha bitstream.

This optional chunk contains encoded alpha data for this frame. A frame
containing a 'VP8L' chunk SHOULD NOT contain this chunk.

**Rationale**: The transparency information is already part of the 'VP8L'
chunk.

The alpha channel data is stored as uncompressed raw data (when
compression method is '0') or compressed using the lossless format
(when the compression method is '1').

  * Raw data: consists of a byte sequence of length width * height,
    containing all the 8-bit transparency values in scan order.

  * Lossless format compression: the byte sequence is a compressed
    image-stream (as described in the [WebP Lossless Bitstream Format]
    [webpllspec]) of implicit dimension width x height. That is, this
    image-stream does NOT contain any headers describing the image dimension.

    **Rationale**: the dimension is already known from other sources,
    so storing it again would be redundant and error-prone.

    Once the image-stream is decoded into ARGB color values, following
    the process described in the lossless format specification, the
    transparency information must be extracted from the *green* channel
    of the ARGB quadruplet.

    **Rationale**: the green channel is allowed extra transformation
    steps in the specification -- unlike the other channels -- that can
    improve compression.

#### Bitstream (VP8/VP8L)

This chunk contains compressed bitstream data for a single frame.

A bitstream chunk may be either (i) a VP8 chunk, using "VP8 " (note the
significant fourth-character space) as its tag _or_ (ii) a VP8L chunk, using
"VP8L" as its tag.

The formats of VP8 and VP8L chunks are as described in sections
[Simple File Format (Lossy)](#simple-file-format-lossy)
and [Simple File Format (Lossless)](#simple-file-format-lossless) respectively.

#### Color Profile

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('ICCP')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                       Color Profile                           :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Color Profile: _Chunk Size_ bytes

: ICC profile.

This chunk MUST appear before the image data.

There SHOULD be at most one such chunk. If there are more such chunks, readers
MAY ignore all except the first one.
See the [ICC Specification][iccspec] for details.

If this chunk is not present, sRGB SHOULD be assumed.

#### Metadata

Metadata can be stored in 'EXIF' or 'XMP ' chunks.

There SHOULD be at most one chunk of each type ('EXIF' and 'XMP '). If there
are more such chunks, readers MAY ignore all except the first one.

The chunks are defined as follows:

EXIF chunk:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('EXIF')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                        Exif Metadata                          :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Exif Metadata: _Chunk Size_ bytes

: Image metadata in Exif format.

XMP chunk:

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      ChunkHeader('XMP ')                      |
    |                                                               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    :                        XMP Metadata                           :
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

XMP Metadata: _Chunk Size_ bytes

: Image metadata in XMP format.

Note the fourth character in the 'XMP ' FourCC is an ASCII space (0x20).

Additional guidance about handling metadata can be found in the
Metadata Working Group's [Guidelines for Handling Metadata][metadata].

#### Unknown Chunks

A RIFF chunk (described in [this](#terminology-amp-basics) section) whose _chunk
tag_ is different from any of the chunks described in this document, is
considered an _unknown chunk_.

**Rationale**: Allowing unknown chunks gives a provision for future extension
of the format, and also allows storage of any application-specific data.

A file MAY contain unknown chunks:

  * At the end of the file as described in [Extended WebP file
    header](#extended_header) section.
  * At the end of ANMF chunks as described in the
    [Animation](#animation) section.

Readers SHOULD ignore these chunks. Writers SHOULD preserve them in their
original order (unless they specifically intend to modify these chunks).

### Assembling the Canvas From Frames

Here we provide an overview of how a reader MUST assemble a canvas in the case
of an animated image.

The process begins with creating a canvas using the dimensions given in the
'VP8X' chunk, `Canvas Width Minus One + 1` pixels wide by `Canvas Height Minus
One + 1` pixels high. The `Loop Count` field from the 'ANIM' chunk controls how
many times the animation process is repeated. This is `Loop Count - 1` for
non-zero `Loop Count` values or infinitely if `Loop Count` is zero.

At the beginning of each loop iteration the canvas is filled using the
background color from the 'ANIM' chunk or an application defined color.

'ANMF' chunks contain individual frames given in display order. Before rendering
each frame, the previous frame's `Disposal method` is applied.

The rendering of the decoded frame begins at the Cartesian coordinates (`2 *
Frame X`, `2 * Frame Y`) using the top-left corner of the canvas as the origin.
`Frame Width Minus One + 1` pixels wide by `Frame Height Minus One + 1` pixels
high are rendered onto the canvas using the `Blending method`.

The canvas is displayed for `Frame Duration` milliseconds. This continues until
all frames given by 'ANMF' chunks have been displayed. A new loop iteration is
then begun or the canvas is left in its final state if all iterations have been
completed.

The following pseudocode illustrates the rendering process. The notation
_VP8X.field_ means the field in the 'VP8X' chunk with the same description.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
assert VP8X.flags.hasAnimation
canvas ← new image of size VP8X.canvasWidth x VP8X.canvasHeight with
         background color ANIM.background_color.
loop_count ← ANIM.loopCount
dispose_method ← Dispose to background color
if loop_count == 0:
  loop_count = ∞
frame_params ← nil
assert next chunk in image_data is ANMF
for loop = 0..loop_count - 1
  clear canvas to ANIM.background_color or application defined color
  until eof or non-ANMF chunk
    frame_params.frameX = Frame X
    frame_params.frameY = Frame Y
    frame_params.frameWidth = Frame Width Minus One + 1
    frame_params.frameHeight = Frame Height Minus One + 1
    frame_params.frameDuration = Frame Duration
    frame_right = frame_params.frameX + frame_params.frameWidth
    frame_bottom = frame_params.frameY + frame_params.frameHeight
    assert VP8X.canvasWidth >= frame_right
    assert VP8X.canvasHeight >= frame_bottom
    for subchunk in 'Frame Data':
      if subchunk.tag == "ALPH":
        assert alpha subchunks not found in 'Frame Data' earlier
        frame_params.alpha = alpha_data
      else if subchunk.tag == "VP8 " OR subchunk.tag == "VP8L":
        assert bitstream subchunks not found in 'Frame Data' earlier
        frame_params.bitstream = bitstream_data
    render frame with frame_params.alpha and frame_params.bitstream
      on canvas with top-left corner at (frame_params.frameX,
      frame_params.frameY), using blending method
      frame_params.blendingMethod.
    canvas contains the decoded image.
    Show the contents of the canvas for
    frame_params.frameDuration * 1ms.
    dispose_method = frame_params.disposeMethod
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Example File Layouts
--------------------

A lossy encoded image with alpha may look as follows:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIFF/WEBP
+- VP8X (descriptions of features used)
+- ALPH (alpha bitstream)
+- VP8 (bitstream)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A losslessly encoded image may look as follows:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIFF/WEBP
+- VP8X (descriptions of features used)
+- XYZW (unknown chunk)
+- VP8L (lossless bitstream)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A lossless image with ICC profile and XMP metadata may
look as follows:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIFF/WEBP
+- VP8X (descriptions of features used)
+- ICCP (color profile)
+- VP8L (lossless bitstream)
+- XMP  (metadata)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

An animated image with Exif metadata may look as follows:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIFF/WEBP
+- VP8X (descriptions of features used)
+- ANIM (global animation parameters)
+- ANMF (frame1 parameters + data)
+- ANMF (frame2 parameters + data)
+- ANMF (frame3 parameters + data)
+- ANMF (frame4 parameters + data)
+- EXIF (metadata)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[vp8spec]:  https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6386
[webpllspec]: https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebp/+/HEAD/doc/webp-lossless-bitstream-spec.txt
[iccspec]: https://www.color.org/icc_specs2.xalter
[metadata]: https://web.archive.org/web/20180919181934/http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/pdf/mwg_guidance.pdf
[rfc 1166]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1166
[rfc 2119]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2119
[rfc 8174]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8174
